Characterization in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” Essay

William Shakespeare is regarded by many as one, if not the greatest writer of all time. It is interesting to note that his success is due to his tragedies. â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† are two of his best known work. Both titles deal with the tragedy of aristocratic people. Though, it appears that Shakespeare is fond of representing only one part of the society, he is actually talking about a very human flaw. Through the characters of his protagonists Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare is suggesting that the real tragedy is found within one’s self. Initially, Shakespeare had characterized Macbeth as a brave warrior. The wounded captain tells the audience that Macbeth was wounded in the battlefield, suggesting that he had fought bravely. But as the plot progresses, the audience discovers that he is less admirable. This is immediately noticeable when Macbeth had met the witches. The witches told them that Macbeth would be the thane of Cawdor. Although, Macbeth says he does not want to think of the prophecy because the thane of Cawdor is still alive, he seems to ponder on the thought, â€Å"the thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrow’d robes?† There is a hint of irony in Macbeth words. It is like he wants to be thane of Cawdor but says he does not. Aside from mere false modesty, the audience would learn that Macbeth harbors within himself some self-doubt. If it was not for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth could have not done anything that he is certain he wants to do. On the other hand, Hamlet seems to be a more flawed character than Macbeth. He is constantly thinking about how to kill Claudius and exact revenge for his father. However, when he got his first chance to kill Claudius, he made a pass on the chance to do so. When Hamlet caught Claudius in prayer, he did not kill Claudius be cause he thought his father’s murderer might go to heaven. Perhaps a helpful quote to use is the famous â€Å"to be or not to be? † That line is a succinct description for Hamlet as he always contradicts himself. Shakespeare’s talent for being able to describe the complexity of the human brain, had made his works classics. Shakespeare seems to be more fond of the flaws of the thought process rather than physical flaws. That is in opposition to earlier works by other authors such as Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist has a deformed foot. Shakespeare’s protagonists are most of the time described as well-to-do. Both Hamlet and Macbeth are even admirable in the initial portions of their respective stories. But Shakespeare reveals that their flaws is on how they think. With Hamlet and Macbeth always contradicting themselves, a tragic conclusion seems inevitable. But their real tragedy is not because one would go insane and the other would be mortally wounded. Hamlet and Macbeth’s tragedy is that they themselves are the antagonists to their respective goals.

Beximco Textile’s Working Capital Management

Executive Summary This report is presenting the overall working capital management of BeximcoTextiles Limited. In this report all of the information is collected from secondary data. As, Primary data was too much confidential, the company didn’t disclose it to us. In this report the terms and conditions that we have learned in FIN 406 has implemented. In this report financial analysis and recommendations are given. Introduction part Company overview The Beximco Textiles Ltd. was incorporated in Bangladesh as a Public Ltd. Company with limited liability on 1994 & commenced commercial operation in 1995. The project was set up as a state of the art fabric weaving, dyeing & finishing facilities for production of high quality shirting fabric, unique wrinkle free fabric (Cortex-2000, cotra DP 3. 5 +) & other fabrics. BTL has an installed capacity of 288 high-speed air-jet looms in its weaving section & a high-tech dyeing & finishing section with a capacity of 100,000 yards of finished fabric per day. It is a member enterprise of the Beximco conglomerate. During the year the company produced and sold high quality shirting and other fabric and bringing forth all the latest in hard and soft technologies in weaving and finishing of fabric. It is the most modern composite mill in the region. They have leveraged Bangladesh's labor cost advantage ; export competitiveness to the maximum. Beximco Textiles Limited engages in manufacturing and marketing yarn, woven, knit, and denim fabrics in Bangladesh. The company offers yarn products, such as count, fiber, CVC, and TC yarn products; fabric products comprising solid dyed, yarn dyed, finishing, dobby designs, and yarn count products; and denim products. It also provides special yarn products consisting of plied yarn, fancy yarn, slub yarn, core spun, multi count, and multi twist products, as well as wrinkle-free products. The company was formerly known as Padma Textile Mills Limited and changed its name to Beximco Textiles Limited in 2006. Mission Each of our activities must benefit and add value to the common wealth of our society. We firmly believe that, in the final analysis we are accountable to each of the constituents with whom we interact; namely: our employees, our customers, our business associates, our fellow citizens and our shareholders. Purpose of this Study: This study has been designed in such a way that students are going to learn the in-depth knowledge about a company’s financial condition. The main purpose of this report is to reinforce the concept of financial policy of Beximco Textiles ltd. along with its all working capital ratios, short-term financing and long-term financing. etc. Overall, this study will help a finance student to familiar with the practical scenario. Limitation: The report is limited to the data that are available in the annual reports and in the website related to Beximco textiles. Primary data was not available as they didn’t disclose. Finally, we have used our own judgments in many ways from our Business Finance courses in order to simplify the research, evaluate, calculation and advising. Financial Analysis Working Capital of Beximco Textiles ltd. : Working capital is defined as current (expected to be consumed or converted into cash within one year) assets minus current liabilities. Working capital turnover indicates how efficiently the company generates revenue with its working capital. Year| Current Assets| Current Liabilities| Working Capital of particular year| 2006| 7572906611| 5961381357| 1605525254| 2007| 7881489387| 8058498925| -177009538| 2008| 7230982538| 7906937639| -675955101| 2009| 8677166758| 4834823994| 3842342764| 2010| 9031547621| 6944110703| 2087436918| Inventory: Inventories are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value as prescribed by IAS 2:Inventories, cost is determined on weighted average cost basis. The cost of inventories comprises of expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling price less any further costs expected to be incurred to make the sale. Beximco textile ltd. Holds 5 types of inventory: * Raw material inventory (Fibre, yarn, gray fabric, dyes ; chemicals) * Work in process inventory * Finished goods inventory * Packing materials * Stores and Spares Amount of inventory in five years: Year| Amount of inventory| 006| 3414768025| 2007| 3688016341| 2008| 2733063864| 2009| 2742675600| 2010| 2994596746| Accounts Receivable: Their accounts receivable are recognized at cost which is fair value of the consideration given for them. 5 years accounts receivable of Beximco Textile: Year| Amount of Accounts receivable| 2006| 3407687731| 2007| 3451582241| 2008| 3765912622| 2009| 4986086053| 2010| 5040220480| Current ratio: Year| Ratio| 2006| 1. 27| 2007| . 97| 2008| . 91| 2009| 1. 79| 2010| 1. 3| Illustration: Quick Ratio: Year| Ratio| 2006| . 69| 2007| . 52| 2008| . 56| 009| 1. 22| 2010| . 86| Illustration: Activity ratios: Working capital turnover: Year| ratio| 2006| 3. 23| 2007| -24. 11| 2008| -7. 04| 2009| 2. 04| 2010| 6. 98| Illustration: Working Capital Turnover Inventory Turnover: year| ratio| 2006| . 92| 2007| . 81| 2008| 1. 13| 2009| 1. 79| 2010| 3. 15| Illustration: Days of inventory on hand (DOH): Assuming that, Beximco Textile’s number of days in period is 360. Then the DOH would be: Year| DOH| 2006| 391. 30| 2007| 444. 44| 2008| 318. 58| 2009| 201. 11| 2010| 114. 29| | | | | Illustration: Receivable turnover: Year| ratio| 2006| 1. 52| 2007| 1. 23| 2008| 1. 26| 2009| 1. 57| 2010| 2. 89| Illustration: Days sales outstanding(DSO): Year| Ratio| 2006| 235. 85| 2007| 291. 20| 2008| 284. 80| 2009| 228. 19| 2010| 124. 51| | | Illustration: Cash conversion cycle: (Inventory conversion period+ Receivables conversion period)-Payables conversion period Year| CCC| 2006| 523. 12| 2007| 594. 16| 2008| 417. 5| 2009| 387. 17| 2010| 143. 36| | | Collection ; Disbursement Cash Inflow and Cash Outflow by Operating Activities (in tk. ): | 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Cash received from customers ; others| 145187023| 664608431| 3190602600| 4223133089| 4887688455| Cash paid to suppliers ; Employees| 898661193| 535932698| 3043303205| 3788738872| 3703613507| Cash Generated from Operations| 5532091050| 1286757473| 147299395| 434394217| 1184074948| Interest Paid| 1445098454| 2006166127| 1261679027| 766830156| 906788267| Income Tax Paid| 43025787| 56338512| 20396366| 74934103| 8084912| Net Cash Generated from Operating Activitie| 4043966809| 775747166| 1134775998| 407370042| 269201769| Daily Cash Generated from Operating Activities| 11233241. 4| 2154853. 24| 3152155. 55| 1131583. 45| 747782. 6917| Cash Flows from Investing Activities (in tk. ): | 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Acquisition of Property, Plant ; Equipment| 3231593528| 2381789851| 986841760| 39250045| 205811905| Long-term security deposit| -| -| -| -| 46064| Net Cash Used in Investing Activities| 3231593528| 2381789851| 986841760| 39250045| 205857969| Daily Cash Used in Investing Activities| 8976648. 69| 6616082. 92| 2741227. 1| 1090279028| 571827. 917| Cash Flows from Financing Activities (in tk. ): 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| 2006| Allotment of shares| -| 6351789302| -| -| 1050000000| (Decrease)/Increase in Long Term Borrowings| 594878760| 1605294361| 1945272911| 74392816| 1273417109| (Decrease)/Increase in Short Term Borrowings| 201830690| 1578840462| 181255969| 511187488| 118194147| Dividend Paid| -| -| -| -| 30405375| Net cash Generated from Financing Activities| 796709450| 3167654479| 2126528880| 436794672| 135628337| Daily Net cash Generated from Financing Activities| 2213081. 81| 8799040. 22| 5907024. 67| 1213318. 3| 376745. 3806| Increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents| 15663831| 10117462| 4911122| 9825415| 72284537| Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year| 27249672| 1713221o| 12221088| 22046503| 94331040| Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year| 42913503| 27249672| 17132210| 12221088| 22046503| Interpretations: 1. Working capital: In 2007 and 20 08 working capital of Bextex ltd. was negative. That means; current assets have been lower than the current liabilities. So, the company was in a risky position in terms of liquidity. But from 2009, it started to be positive and the company is in a stable position. 2. Current ratio: This ratio expresses current assets in relation to current liabilities. Current Ratio of bextex ltd. is highest in 2009 which indicates that the company has higher level of liquidity and it can meet short term obligations. But during 2007 and 2008 the ratio had a smaller value than one, indicating that Bextex ltd. had lower liquidity to meet its short term obligations. However, over the following years; Beximco Textiles managed to solve this issue. 3. Quick ratio: The quick ratio is more conservative than current ratio, because it only includes the more liquid current assets in relation to current liabilities. Beximco Textiles Ltd. reached its peak in 2009 in terms of quick ratio but yet again it dropped in 2010. Apart from that, there has been a steady improvement in this aspect. 4. Activity Ratios: a. Working capital Turnover: working capital turnover indicates how efficiently the company generates revenue with its working capital. Bextex ltd. was in the worst situation in 2007, that the ratio was -24. 11; this ratio was negative in 2008 as well. The main reason behind it was that the current asset remained lower than the current liabilities. The negativity in this aspect simply depicts that the company took a very high amount of loans during those years. Yet, the operations were efficient enough to improve that risky position over the years. b. Inventory Turnover Ratio: Inventory turnover ratio shows the times  a company's  inventory is sold and replaced over a financial period. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. A high ratio implies either strong sales or ineffective buying. During 2006 and 2007; the annual inventory on hand was way higher than the following years. Consequently, the turnover was high as well. During the following years; the management took new measures and managed to reduce the excess the inventory. However, the total amount of inventory in 2010 was higher than that of 2009. Yet, the inventory turnover almost doubled during 2010; which is a strong indication that the sales is increasing in number. c. Days Sales Outstanding Ratio: It indicates the elapsed time between a sale and cash collection. Bextex ltd. ad the lowest DSO in 2010, which indicates a better situation than that of the previous years. In 2007, the ratio was the highest indicating the efficiency lapse in cash collection during that period. 5. Cash Conversion cycle: This metric indicates the amount of time that elapses from the point when a company invests in working capital until the point at which the company collects cash. Bextex ltd. had 523. 12 CCC in 2006 which indicat es poor position and in 2010; they have decreased it from 523. 12 to 143. 36. So, it is a good indication for the company. Basic reason behind this positive trend is that; Beximco Textiles has improved the Inventory conversion and receivables Collection operations dramatically. Both the Inventory conversion period and the Receivable conversion period has been halved from the year 2006 to 2010. 6. Cash-Flow: Cash flow activities show that both the income from operational activities and the return from investments have been increasing over the years. The Payables are being paid out and the retained earnings are being reinvested heavily to increase the efficiency to a higher level. This can be a reason why Beximco Textiles have refrained from giving out dividends since 2007. References 1. BEXIMCO TEXTILES Ltd. (2007). Auditors’ Report 2. BEXIMCO TEXTILES Ltd. (2009). Auditors’ Report 3. BEXIMCO TEXTILES Ltd. (2010). Auditors’ Report 4. Fredric C. Scherr, Modern Working Capital Management, Prentice Hall International Editions. 5. Ross, S. A, Westerfield, R. W & Jaffe, J. (2005). Corporate Finance 7th Edition. New Delhi: McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited. 6. Financial Reporting and Analysis CFA (level-1) 2011

Bias and Hate Crimes

Given that our society has such a dense population of different races, ethnicities, religions and sexual orientations, it is important to understand both the goals and challenges of policing and dealing with hate and bias crimes. Considering that since the beginning stages of immigration we have tried to support successful assimilation, hate and bias crimes create a huge barrier. Hate and bias crimes â€Å"occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation† (en. wikipedia. org). Not only is it difficult for our society to identify this sort of crime, but it is also extremely hard to enact comprehensive laws governing the way police and society as a whole should handle these crimes. An important problem associated with bias and hate crimes is distinguishing them from other â€Å"everyday† crimes; often, the terms are used interchangeably. Law enforcement as well as the general public should understand that bias and hate crimes are in many ways the same crimes that are committed everyday, but that hate and bias crimes are committed intentionally against a person because of a certain bias and are usually much more violent. Furthermore, deciding how offenders should be identified and punished is sometimes problematic â€Å"because motivation is subjective, [and] it is often difficult for police officers to determine whether an offense was motivated by bias† (Katz, pg 301) Our constitution, as well as the laws which followed it, were written to ensure that â€Å"every citizen, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, economic status, background, age, or culture [receives] the highest level of service available and equal treatment under the law† (www. wppd. org). Yet, hate and bias crimes have become such a major issue in our country that goals like high service and equality are being threatened. As a result, Congress passed the â€Å"Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999† on March 11, 1999. Congress developed this act due to the growing concern that â€Å"the problem of hate crimes is sufficiently serious, widespread, and interstate in nature as to warrant Federal assistance to States and local jurisdictions† (thomas. loc. gov). This concern stemmed largely from the continuing realization that â€Å"bias crimes affect victims not only physically, but also at the very core of their identity, creating a sense of ulnerability heightened beyond that normally found in crime victims†¦Such crimes violate not only society’s general concern for the security of its members and their property, but also the shared values of equality and racial and religious harmony in a multicultural society. 11 (Lawrence, pg 50-51). While the 19 99 Hate Crimes Prevention Act was a large step toward streamlining our definitions of and positions toward hate crimes, there is still a long way to go. Hate and bias crimes not only effect the individuals involved, but they also have a strong effect on our communities. Currently, one of the most effective ways of dealing with hate and bias crimes is involving the police and the punishment of those who committ them. Every state and even individual police departments currently determine their own policies when it comes to identifying and reporting bias and hate crimes. In recent years, many studies have been done in order to determine whether the adoption of uniform hate crime policies is effective at the local level. A study done in California found that â€Å"formal policies positively influence police behavior. Having a hate crime policy may increase an agency’s propensity to report hate crime by as much as 25%† (repositories. cdlib. org). Still, while this might be a helpful step, it is still tough to define, identify and fairly deal with bias crimes on a case-by-case basis. There is still no clearly-defined code given to officers concerning how to deal with hate and bias crimes, and because every situation is different and deserves individual attention, police officers are given a certain amount of discretion.

A Lifestyle by Fernando Sorrentino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Lifestyle by Fernando Sorrentino - Essay Example This change in his outlook and lifestyle did not happen voluntarily but was forced upon him by circumstances. While the story may sound far-fetched, the character underlines human capacity to adjust to circumstances and more importantly, to remain â€Å"relatively happy† in the end without the usual trappings. Conflict Both internal and external conflicts exist in this story (Garp, online). The inner conflict is the narrator’s physical, social and psychological struggle with the circumstances that he faced. This internal conflict makes him wonder how to cope with a difficult situation and survive. His external conflict is with the society, of which he was a part not so long ago and leading a normal life, unaware of the ridiculous extent to which urban life and social relations have descended to. (your last name) 2 Theme and central idea Thematically it is a humorous story. Humor is noted throughout the story’s incidents like the pompous declaration of a locksmith about his association’s Magna Carta and the ethics of and restrictions on its members, the vicarious pleasure of the janitor/girl-friend/colleagues at the bank at his discomfiture, and his gradual adjustment from dependence to independence.

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Essay

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Loanable Funds and for Foreign-Currency Exchange - Essay Example To balance the condition and allow the exchange, there is demand for the funds by the borrowers when they sell the bond that they have to the savers. An exchange in any market can only occur if there are demanders and suppliers. The funds consist of the loans from the banks and savings saved by the consumers foregoing consumption. Therefore to save involves a sacrifice and the savers in exchange demand for compensation for the best alternative foregone had they consumed the funds instead of saving them. The concept of compensation and incurring a cost is, therefore, is very important for the sustainability of the funds market (McConnell, Campbell, Brue and Stanley 92). The loanable funds are usually used for investment in new capital goods bringing about the concept of the supply and demand for the funds. The lenders bring about the supply curve that is upward sloping from left to right while the borrowers bring about the demand curve that is downward sloping from the left to the right. The curves are guided by the principle of demand and supply which states that, supply increases with the increase in the price while demand increases with a decrease in price. The conflicting ideologies calls for an equilibrium where the two intersect and those to make a decision agree. The interest rate is the sacrifice or cost of borrowing the loanable funds from the suppliers and it is the value of money that a person pays for using the dollar for one year. It is also the benefit or compensation to the person or entity supplying the funds. The rate of interest is usually expressed as a percentage of annual funds spend or borrowed. When dealing with the loanable funds one considers the interest rate which is adjusted for inflation to take care of the price changes. It is essential to ponder on the rate of interest that is real than a nominal one that has

It's time to prove what I have learned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

It's time to prove what I have learned - Essay Example Besides passing, I have developed confidence in writing and I can handle all types of research. I vividly remember my first assignment in this class. The paper did not have a thesis statement, had numerous grammar errors, and it did not have a proper introduction. It saddened my heart that I did not have the very basics to this subject. Although this discouraged my young heart, I did not allow it to rule in me. Instead, I decided that I will make it in this class. Every time I submitted a paper, my teacher wrote some comments that I took very seriously, which helped improve my writing. First, I started with developing skills to a good thesis statement. I realized that a good thesis statement must incorporate the purpose of the writing and stipulate all the issues to be discussed in that paper. Secondly, I worked on the introduction of my papers. With the help of the teacher, I realized that introductions should be as captivating as possible to capture the audience attention. Previously, my introductions did not carry enough weight and background knowledge of the study. This meant that I could not earn good marks on the introduction part. Thorough research on the issues I intend to write about helped overcome this problem. Thirdly, In my out-of-class essays I learned other skills that add credibility to an essay. Proper organisation of the bodywork adds more weight to a paper, giving the reader an urge to read on. Using logos and ethos, I could now convince my audience on the issues I am writing about. In addition, I have to choose my words correctly to because I realized that I can convince the audience with my character. Use of diction and figures of speech are other things I learnt out-of-class that have added competency in my writing. One thing I came to accept as a writer is that I had to read a lot of books, journals, websites, and magazines to learn how others do it. No, wonder that my grammar and

Mixed Feelings - Feminism, Mass Culture, and Victorian Sensationalism Essay

Mixed Feelings - Feminism, Mass Culture, and Victorian Sensationalism - Essay Example In exploring the politics of sensationalism and affect, I presume that the process of naming and assigning social and cultural meanings to bodily responses, such as "sensations," has a history. My project is thus part of the larger enterprise of producing a history of the body and of physiological experiences such as affect and sexuality. Recent scholarship in this area has been profoundly revisionist because it has provided histories of phenomena that had previously been considered natural or outside the work of culture. The importance of Foucault's work on the history of sexuality, for example, resides not just in its specific details, but in its claim that sexuality has a history and is not a natural or prediscursive entity. 1 Tracing the cultural construction of the body or sexuality has revealed how ideologies are naturalized by the often invisible work of attaching meanings to physical processes. I have studied the sensation novel and the politics of sensation in order to parti cipate in this broader project of exploring the political consequences of constructing the body, sexuality, and affect as "natural." Thus, I am less interested in offering a descriptive history of the sensation novel than in considering how a discourse about the "sensational" or affective serves as a vehicle for the promulgation of ideologies of gender and mass culture. And I have found in Victorian criticism of the sensation novel an opportunity to examine how and why "sensationalism" acquired its new meaning and a bad reputation. What I have uncovered points to a more general theory of the politics of sensationalism.

Education. What is your philosophy of Assessment Essay

Education. What is your philosophy of Assessment - Essay Example Still, it’s worth noting that teaching professionals must attend to the varieties of students, cultures, and grade levels when considering assessment strategies. As a high school chemistry and physics teacher, I have developed a number of assessment strategies that have formed my own philosophy to the assessment process. This essay considers my personal philosophy of assessment. One of the primary considerations I recognize in terms of assessment is developing a means of judging student participation and effort throughout the semester and course. One of the primary challenges I had when originally considering assessment was the nature of developing assessment strategies that are student specific, or measure objective standards of comprehension. While ideally classrooms are constituted by students of the same level of achievement, in reality this is not always the case. Early in my teaching career I recognized that I would have to make the difficult decision of requiring all st udents to achieve the same level of achievement.

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job Essay

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job - Essay Example 101). In the conduct of their profession, journalists are practically confronted with various ethical dilemmas that it would be better for them to be armed with ethical theories than not. Furthermore, ethical theory becomes more important to journalists given the impact they can create to their readership (public opinion) and the society (public values) as a whole – which according to Iggers (1998, p. 15) makes journalism ethics unique – especially in this era of corporate journalism wherein the interest of capital often clashes with that of the public, putting in jeopardy journalism’s long-held principles as defined by the Society of Professional Journalists (1973): â€Å"Seek truth and report it; minimize harm; act independently; and be accountable† (Friend & Singer 2007, p. xix; Boeyink & Sandra 2010, p. 17; Black & Roberts 2011, p. 51). Hanlin (1992, p. 28) is perfectly understandable to say that â€Å"many critics might agree with the suggestion that any man rich enough to buy a newspaper should not be allowed to own one.† This statement simply illustrates how the situation and the organisation in which journalists perform their profession today make journalism ethically challenging. It is easy to criticise journalists in fulfilling their profession. But the very condition in which journalists perform their profession oftentimes puts them in situations that test their ethical principles. For example, while journalists are committed to reporting the truth – which is believed to be the core of journalism – finding the truth, especially the dangerous ones, is actually something not easy to achieve in legal and even ethical ways. So, what course of action should journalists take if the only way to find the truth is either by stealing the information or by using deceptive strategies? (Jackson 1992, p. 69) Would it be unethical to go into stealing, lying and deceiving in the name of truth? But what would happen wi th journalism if it defaults in finding out and reporting the truth? The answer to this question will surely vary depending on the ethical theory that journalists hold onto. For example, one may find the task to bring out the truth by any means more important than observing the law. Anyway, it is often argued that not all that is legal is ethical and not all that is ethical may be legal. It may also be argued that the end justify the means. Added to this ethical dilemma is the issue of confidentiality in journalism. The News Manual defines the centrality of confidentiality of sources in the ethics of journalism on the basis of trust. Meaning, journalists may divulge information given in confidence, but must protect the identity of their sources not unless the sources permit journalists to name them. Any breach on this agreement might jeopardize the whole profession, because in the future sources may no longer give sensitive information in confidence. (Ingram & Henshall, 2008) In rel ation to acquiring information through illegal means, journalists can deny it by opting to invoke this confidentiality clause. But to resort to such trick only worsens the ethical dilemma because aside from lying, this clause that is meant to protect sources is maliciously used. Though the confidentiality clause can be misused by journalists to get away with the law, this same clause can also put journalists into an extremely difficult situation. In

Bio-ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bio-ethics - Essay Example Following a close analysis on the issue, I think that surgeon’s desire for fame has no effect on their work. To begin with, surgeons are human beings although they have an extra ordinary gift and therefore their desire for fame is human nature and therefore has no negative effect on their work. Their desire for fame only contributes to confidence on their work with little or no effect on the patient’s wellbeing. Secondly, Surgeons are trained persons who value their profession and therefore their desire for fame is for personal interest with little or no effect on their patient. Becoming a surgeon is not an easy affair since they have to go through intensive and extensive training before qualifying for the job. This makes them value their job and patients more than any other personal desire such as fame. Fame is not given but earned and most surgeons would agree with this fact, this implies that a surgeon who desires to have fame must strive to earn it through genuine methods (Scott 101). The only possible genuine method through which surgeons can earn the much-needed fame is by improving the care they give to their patients and this has no interference on a patient’s

Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Example for Free

Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning In this assignment I will be addressing the role of a teacher, their responsibilities to their learners and the relationships a teacher has with other professionals. I will also look at my own role and responsibilities in the lifelong learning sector and how I can meet the needs of my learners while working within the boundaries of the role of a teacher. This assignment will explain how to meet the needs of learners through referral to specialist professionals and how to promote appropriate behaviour in a safe and supportive learning environment which values equality and diversity. Government legislation dictates certain behaviour and actions to be taken by a teacher in given situations. The Special Educational Needs and Disabilities Act 2001 (SENDA) provides legal rights for disabled students whom are at a ‘substantial disadvantage’ that the responsible bodies require reasonable steps to be taken to prevent that disadvantage. These steps could include physical changes to the educational establishment, delivering course material relative to the needs of the learner and providing learning material in different formats. The Equality Act 2006 was passed to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR). The CEHR has a statutory remit to promote and monitor human rights; and to protect, enforce and promote equality across the nine protected grounds age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership, sexual orientation and gender reassignment (EHRC 2013). This makes sure that discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief within public functions, education and several other areas. They also place a duty on public authorities to promote equal opportunities between men and women. These legislations, along with many more, place responsibility on me as a teacher to be able to deliver the same criteria to learners regardless of gender, social background and ability. Working in a young offender’s institute I only deliver lessons to males aged 15 to 18. These young people however are at different levels of education, have varied social backgrounds and ethnicity. It is my responsibility to ensure these learners can all complete the necessary tasks to achieve a qualification. If I do not feel I have the resources personally to meet the special needs of an individual learner then I can refer them to any of the more specialized staff within the establishment such as SenCo for special educational needs or YOT for help getting the learner into further education when their sentence is fully served or during their sentence if possible. The learners can display negative attitudes towards other young people or staff of differing social backgrounds or ethnicities. It is my responsibility to challenge these negative attitudes in an attempt at changing the perception the learner has about these people by discussing the effects that their opinions have on individuals. If I feel I am not reaching the learner and their views are not changing I can refer them to the chaplaincy or their keyworker who can provide relevant courses that are aimed at these specific areas. It is important that I promote the relevance of equality to the learners so that they feel comfortable sharing a work space with others of differing race or gender. Through this the learners will then learn to value and respect diversity in people and what a person from differing backgrounds can offer, rather than use it as a barrier to their own learning. In my role as a teacher it is my responsibility to identify and meet the needs of my learners. I can identify some of their needs before I have any contact with them by asking for any information ESS or SenCo have about any learning needs I should be aware of such as dyslexia so I can adapt learning material for them. Once I am aware of the learner’s specific needs then I can talk to them about achievable targets to set which they agree to and set these targets out in their ILP (Individual Learning Plan). I find that learner’s are more receptive to targets that they have agreed to rather than targets they have forced upon them. This can help if a learner has problems with authority as they see they are working with the teacher towards their own goals. Everyone wants structure in their lives, and no more so than your most poorly behaved students (Cowley 2005). Keeping problems from inappropriate behaviour to a minimum is important for all in the class as it is disruptive for all learners. It is important that I set out what is appropriate behaviour once a learner has started on my course. We discuss what they think is expected of them and what I expect of them and sign an agreement which outlines these expectations. Now the learner is aware of how they should behave during their time with me I positively reinforce their good behaviour with praise during the lesson for good work, at the end of the lesson I point out a few things they did well and at the end of the week I have well done slips I give to learners who have produced good work and behaved well all week. These slips allow the learner points to spend on items from the shop on their wing and when issued are recorded as positive behaviour on C-Nomis to make other professionals aware that the learner has performed well. And if your students do choose to push the barriers you have given them, you must be prepared to sanction them accordingly (Cowley 2005). However if a learner is misbehaving during lesson time I will remind them of the agreed behaviour expected of them, if their behaviour fails to improve I will ask them if they have any issues outside of class that could be causing them to ‘act out’ and if I cannot help with these issues I will refer them to another professional who can help such as their personal officer. If their poor behaviour continues I can record this on C-Nomis to make other professionals aware that this behaviour needs addressing. In teaching in a prison keeping on top of learner behaviour helps maintain a safe learning environment as if I allow certain poor behaviour to go unchallenged it could lead to dangerous situations. Also each learner is made aware of various health and safety issues they may face during class time as when they start the course they need to complete a health and safety unit. This covers areas such as spotting hazards, using fire extinguishers and working on portable access equipment safely. Involving the learner in identifying risks and hazards within the class environment helps them realise these dangers. Within a safe learning environment each learner can focus on their individual tasks and I can focus on their individual needs. When each learners needs are being met and the learners feel they can ask for help from their teacher a supportive environment has been achieved. As a teacher in the lifelong learning sector I must be responsible for having the relevant skills and qualifications to fulfil their role. Having appropriate levels of skill in literacy and numeracy means I can produce materials for the learners to use and keep record of the progress the learners are making. Most worksheets and lesson plans are produced using a personal computer; this would not be possible if I was without the necessary ICT skills. Various interpersonal and life skills are required to be a good teacher such as; being adaptive, committed, confident, creative, decisive, diplomatic, enthusiastic, focused, honest, intelligent, patient, organised, positive, professional, reliable, responsible and supportive. These skills and many more enable me to create a positive learning environment where learners can achieve their potential and as I evaluate myself I can ever improve the learning experience. When teaching a subject it is important that I have the relevant skills, qualifications and experience within this subject to be able to deliver quality lessons. It is imperative that I identify the needs of each individual learner so the learners feel valued and can receive appropriate tutorials and assessment for their level of ability as they achieve. I must also meet the needs of the organization I work for by following the code of conduct the organization has produced. I will continue to attend CPD (Continual Personal Development) events to further develop and expand my skills to the benefit of my learners. In my role as a teacher I have a responsibility to other professionals to keep my lesson punctual so it does not over run into another teacher’s lesson and that I inform other teachers or colleagues of any behavioural problems with specific learners so appropriate measures can be applied to remedy this. While I like to keep my learning environment relaxed and friendly it is important to be aware of the boundaries in my role as a teacher. These boundaries mean I should not become over familiar with my learners which could be detrimental to the learning environment and deal with learner’s emotional problems in a professional manner referring them to other professionals who are there to accommodate these needs. These boundaries differ from other professionals as they are specific to a teaching role and are vital for keeping a teacher safe in their practice. In summary a teacher has many important roles and responsibilities to learners choosing to continue their personal development in lifelong learning and must always strive to improve the learning environment within current legislation.

Agency Theory Versus Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay

Agency Theory Versus Stewardship Theory Accounting Essay Jensen and Meckling (1976) defined an agency correlation as a contractual set-up under which the business owner or the principal engaged a manager or the agent to execute some service on his behalf and may usually entail some decision making exclusively by the agent. The agency theory revolves on the basic proposition about humans, which deals with principals and agents as self-oriented focusing on exploiting their personal advantage (Corbetta and Salvato, 2004; Chua, Steier and Chrisman, 2006). Shleifer and Vishny (1986) explain the agency context in which the financiers needed the agents specialization to obtain maximum returns from their funds, meanwhile the managers since they do not have enough capital on their own would utilize the finances of its principal. Agency theory described managers as opportunistic (Wasserman, 2006) by seizing its optimum advantage for his appointment and role as the mover in the firm for its own benefit, at the expense of the principal (Shulze, Lubatk in Dino, 2003). Both parties goal is to gain that personal advantage in every way possible with the least outlay and expenditure. These expenditures are defined as agency costs (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This is the total of cash outflows made by the principal for its organization be it in budget proportions, auditing, or employee honorariums; the expenses incurred by the agent for income generating projects and the marginal loss due to the decline in the expected income of the principal as caused by the resulted deviation of motives between the agents resolution and the main goal of the principal to obtain maximum returns from its investments. Thus, high conflicting of interests between the principals and agents that resulted from information asymmetry is the main statement in an agency theory (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Asymmetry of information between the two parties is displayed when the manager align his capabilities with the expected outcome, result and rationality of the princip al (not knowing his own abilities) leads to satisfying decision-making on the part of the principal while this is an example of adverse selection for the agent (Karra, Tracey and Phillips, 2006). More often than not, this leads to a number of non-satisfactory overall performances of the manager which will in due time lead to the destruction of the firm and the reputation of the agent (Jensen, 2004). As well as for the principals, their incapability of selecting candidates that acts appropriately in all circumstances are proofs of adverse selection. The outcome always entails an ambiguous job description on both parties. Nevertheless, there are still some factors that the agency theory fails to point out, other than motivational or self-gratitude. These maybe are the intrinsic inability or low ability, poor knowledge on business and misinformation of agents that resulted in their failure to deliver high performance for their principals (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Moral hazard as described by Chrisman, Chua and Litz (2004) is another agency problem confronted by the corporate governance. Its another kind of opportunism which includes utilizing, seizing and assuming all extra benefits from a delegated authority to rule in behalf of the principal. Since it is difficult for the principal to monitor agents, this authority is undeniably has a chance of being abused or misused by the managers. This problems solution is to adapt a good monitoring system and internal self-governance by the principal which entails agency cost (Eisenhardt, 1989). As discussed by Berle and Means in 1932, a company does not behave based with the conventional model in which the agents must act in the best interest of the owners of the firm. Most likely as a consequence, the principal then would guarantee that the managers would act in their best interest. The idea of formulating a contract is relied upon by the agency theory to align the motives of both parties concerned. The goal is to balance the intention by allocating maximized values for shareholders and added incentives and benefits for the managers. Committee audits and performance evaluations by the board may act as effective authority tool for monitoring and scrutinizing potentially opportunistic agents (Mustakallio, Autio and Zahra, 2002). This internal governance system as a solution to ensure the compliance of the agents bounded by the contract will simultaneously be given to a non-executive sect who will be composed of auditors, supervisors and other structural arrangements. This non-executive part of the ownership structure serves as the middle man interconnecting the principal and the agent having a role in monitoring, thereby extending an enormous effect in the change or variation in control (Denis, 2001). In relation to corporate governance, legitimate actions against deceits and other modes of fraudulence may provide some fortification on the part of the principal. Economic analysis suggests that incorporating these solutions to the firm may considerably eliminate opportunism. But there are still factors that need to be considered in this special structure of the firm that is created for internal governance of which other forms of opportunism may arose in those entrusted with responsibility to check on the managers of the firm. The study made by Yermack in 1999 suggests that the board particularly its composition as an authority to monitor managers has an effect on the governance mechanism. The study on the effect of small board of directors in a company got the significant result that there is a positive correlation of this small size to greater market valuation of a company. Meanwhile, Hannifa and Hudaib (2006) stands with the result of Yermack showing results based on more than 300 companies listed in Malaysia which proposed that a large board is less efficient in auditing the performance of the managers compared to a smaller one. Moreover, this huge composition of the board is quite expensive for the companies to maintain in terms of honorariums, commissions and compensation. But in terms of profit and company growth, the large board may seem to be of importance because of the diversity in experiences, knowledge and accountability. Nevertheless, the study made by Guest in 2009, showed a strong result on the non-relation of the large board size to the firm performance however they also robustly imply that they dont suggest to restrict large boards to obtain a better firm performance. All these efforts executed by principals to avoid agency problems, minding the fact that there are still managers that wont deliver exactly what theyre expected to, entails agency costs as discussed. Often, the goal of the principal is to minimize agency costs and focus on profit even if not in growth. Here comes the conflict of organizing the principal-agent relationship (Shapiro, 2005) wherein the idea is exemplified but the measures are often inadequate, thus the alignment of the interests of the principal and manager is hardly ever absolute. A control-oriented firm is then considered necessary under agency theory which suggests that agents will not act to take full advantage of the returns to the principal if and only if systematic self-governance mechanisms are implemented in the firm to protect the shareholders interest (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Stewardship theory In 1993, Block believes that firms implementing stewardship by front-running service instead of self-interest are those that are most effective in corporate governance. He believes that both the firm and individual needs will be greatly achieved by establishing trust-relationships and treating subordinates as partners. Preston (1998) added a definition of Stewardship Theory to exemplify humane duties owed to all partners that recognizes the importance of a systematic fit of corporate governance considering the elements of its environment. Hosmer in 1996 identifies the need to augment the economic and social responsibilities in governance by recognizing the moral and ethical issues inherent in the stewardship theory. The managers role in stewardship theory is to maximize the potential of the firm and to pursue long-term wealth acquisition with organizational and individual desires best accomplished by assessing collective ends (Hosmer, 1996). The goal is on assuming accountability and responsibility for the organizational community. The model of a manager should be as a steward whose behavior is ordered and organizational; whose collectivistic behavior is of higher reverence than individualistic, self-serving conduct (Albanese, et al 1997). They exemplify that man being intelligent makes rational, not irrational decisions, unlike agency proposers who dispute stewardship. Stewardship theory view employees as assets of the firm as the agency did but they differ in their treatment of the human natures motivation and ability of control. A true steward is driven by his need of self-actualization, growth and achievement without being opportunistic and self-interested in his performance (Mejia et al., 2001). Stewardship ideology proposes that corporate governance structures should exercise advanced authority and prudence. (Davis et al, 1997) .The proponents discussed that high-level of authority and discretion is attained when the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) also assume the position of Chairman of the Board. Stewardship principle argues that the issue is whether or not the ownership structure assists and facilitates in the management achievement of high corporate and firm performance. When the CEO is also the chairman of the board, the organization will be facilitative of this objective letting them assume apparent, clear and objective role expectations and authorize and empower higher and greater management. Thus, stewardship theory is not centralized on self-motivation through own financial gain, but the assumption of two roles as the chairman, at the same time as the manager of the corporation will produce superior results and maximized returns to the shareholders than separation of the roles of the chair and CEO as exemplified by the agency theory. Duality of these roles is considered a functional from in stewardship perspective. According to Fama (1980), being an effective steward of their firm, CEOs and managers are also effectively managing their own assets and careers. Stewardship, however, has its own set of limitations and gaps. Since it is trust-based relationships, it assumes underlying informal agreements and not most of the time, the functional logic or prà ©cised obligations (Mejia et al., 2001). Some authors ( Habbershon, 2006; Miller and Miller, 2005) argue that altruism mainly a compliment of stewardship might be influential in establishing an enormous network for the firm in its early stages, as employing a wide network of trustees or of relatives in cases of a family corporation (less concerned on their specifications) minimizing agency costs compared to a non-family member (Mejia et al., 2001).However, in the long run as the firm becomes more established, the need for well adept and professional managers arise to cope up with the competition thereby expect an increase in the agency costs. In essence, the organizations over all environment systems influence the inclination of managers. In an organization which houses the philosophy for self-actualization and involve employee-owners association, managers are inclined towards the stewardship perspective. Furthermore, collectivist behavior and non-power distance cultures encourages stewardship principles (Davis, Schoorman and Donaldson, 1997). Agency Theory vs. Stewardship Theory Agency theory concentrates primarily on the association between the principal and the agents in corporations, having a formal and contractual nature of relationship however with the presumed goal indifference and incongruence of interest (Sharma, 1997). Meanwhile, Stewardship theory is involved mainly in analyzing the importance of the co-existence of trust-based relationships along with agency relations in firms (Corbetta and Salvato, 2004). The stewardship approach, which encompasses commitment and trust to shared goals and desires exhibited by the principal and the manager alike, aligns the interest of the two parties (Albanese, Dacin and Harris, 1997). In 1997 Davis, Shoorman and Donaldson provided two key points that differentiated the Agency and Stewardship theories. These are the motivation and power comparison. In an agency type, the manager is motivated by personal interests and extrinsic rewards. In the stewardship, the manager is motivated by the human need for intellectual growth, achievement, and self-actualization, and by intrinsic rewards. In an agency theory, the power is institutionally directed while in the stewardship, it is based on personal ability and power to run the particular organization. Davis, et al (1997) argue that the two theories are not mutually exclusive but create a link between agency and stewardship relationships. Clearly, the stewardship theory provided a room for the failures and gaps in the agency theory. A manager of a firm may choose what type of inclination he is up to particularly in decision making as long as these three assumptions are supplemented. First the decision must be mutually agreed upon by both the principal and the agent. Secondly, it will always depend on the situation, and third objective is the expectations of the parties involved. Basing on the result of their study of 22 matrices on the possibilities of the actuations of the principal and agent, the agent can either opt to perform in an agency or in a steward fashion, and so can the principal. There can be four possibilities of outcome in the governance using the link between agency and stewardship and depending on the choice of the concerned parties. Two of which are a concrete exa mple of the agency theory where both have selected to uplift their self-interests and a true stewardship principle which maximize organizational performance. Other two possibilities of outcome which will result in one party taking advantage over the other and one recourse to injustice will result to low performance on the other party. When the principal acts as the steward and the manager acts as an agent, and on the other hand when the principal becomes opportunistic and the manager acts as a steward, which could pave the way for the frustration and declined feelings of self-worth to the aggravated party. The study on the relationship of these theories is very broad, thereby some wouldnt agree to the findings of Davis. According to Albanese, Dacin, and Harris (1997) there is a distinction between agency theory and the agency problem of divided self interest. They discussed that stewardship simply refined and advanced agency theory, it does not present an alternative. Eisenhardts (1 989) review shows that agency theory was continually developed and is studied thoroughly with the incongruent self-interests of the principal-agent as the fundamental supposition. Summary The agency model and stewardship model of the firm provide two different angles for understanding the governance of a firm, its decision making, its internal relationships, and its external relationships. This review advocates that the principal or manager acting as a steward, and employing people with similar expectations, is more in line with the traits needed for an organization to succeed like proper motivation, personal and company growth and self-actualization, thus increasing the potential for maximizing the performance of the firm. Moreover, the advantage of the stewardship model over that of the agency is that it presents managers an organized different array of motivations which could potentially include the interests of all relevant firm movers (Preston 1998).

Challenges Facing The Translator English Language Essay

Challenges Facing The Translator English Language Essay The personal pleasure derived from translation is the excitement of trying to solve a thousand small problems in the context of a large one. A translation obligates the translator to make a number of decisions so that a complete translation is produced. Such a translation must be written in a way which serves the same function as the source text and be culturally coherent between the source and target languages. In this essay I will discuss a range of decisions that the translator must make and making specific references to textual analysis, cultural mediation and some applied aspects of translation. The translation begins with the reading of the source text which allows the translator to identify the several key components which will form the foundations of the translation. The translator must do a detailed textual analysis so that the intention, readership and setting of the source text are identified. (Newmark P, 1988) I find this to be the first challenge that faces the translator as a number of decisions must be made to clarify where the translation will be published, who the translation is going to be targeted at; and what the function of the text will be. (Alfano V, 2012) Newmark (1988) states The intention of the text represents the source language writers attitude to the subject matter.For the translator, understanding what is meant by the author of the source text is vital as the attitude of the author will suggest the language function and setting of the target text. Bà ¼hlers theory of language functionality can determine a text to have an expressive, vocative or informative function depending on the core topic and status of the author. The challenge for the translator is to determine ones own status within the text in order to identify the language function. Newmark gives examples of the authors status being anonymous; he shows that this status can be used for an informative or vocative text depending on its main function. If the main function of the text was to tell the truth, it would suggest that the text takes an informative language function, whereas a text concentrating on the readership would suggest a vocative function. (Newmark P, 1988 ) During the textual analysis the translator must assess the readership; I consider this to be a particular challenge for the translator as one must try to assess the level of education, class, age and sex of the readership before determining it to be for an expert reader, uninformed reader or educated layman. (Newmark P, p.13) Depending on the readership the translator may need to pay more attention to the readers of the target text than that of the source text. A physical geography textbook aimed at an uneducated readership would use general vocabulary in order to aid the readership into understanding the text; The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains, whereas for the educated layman, the translator may use topic specific vocabulary as there is an assumption that the context of the text would be enough for the reader to handle the key issues; The floor of the ocean is covered with great mountain chains and deep trenches. (Newmark P, p.p.13-14) The variation in style depends on the readership and setting of the target text. Newmark (1988) suggests using Martin Joos and Strevens stylistic scales when assessing the level of formality within the text. The final aspect of the textual analysis that I consider to be challenging for the translator is determining the setting of the target text in order to fulfil the requirements of the client. The translator must decide what the target text equivalent is for the source text, and then decide the type of language that must be used to suit the publication. For example, The Guardian newspaper is aimed at an educated upper-middle class readership; this means that the language used would be educated and written in a formal style. The translator in this example does not need to pay particular attention to the readership unless there are cultural discrepancies within in the text. This essay has referred to a number of issues that the translator faces before translating into the target language. Here, we can see that it is imperative that the translator makes the correct decisions whilst conducting a textual analysis in order to identify the key features within the text so that one can appropriately translate into the target language. Following the textual analysis there are further issues which cause concern for the translator. These issues come under the heading of cultural mediation; a translator must be aware that some expressions, professions and activities are not realised in every language, thus the translator must decide how to translate them. The translation of culture specific references poses a particular issue for the translator as some words may not be translatable, therefore the translator must employ the relevant translation method to suit the problem. During a translation the translator must ask oneself whether the words in the source language are transferable in the target language. The translation of cultural words such as les pieds noirs and les maghrà ©bins cannot be literally translated as they have no meaning in the target language. Cultural and descriptive equivalents can be used to solve this issue. The translator can give extra information in order to maintain a functional equivalency within the text. Descriptive equivalent: les pieds noirs ou les maghrà ©bins; 2nd generation immigrants originating from Algeria and North Africa. Cultural equivalent: les pieds noirs ou les maghrà ©bins  ; French Algerians (les francais dalgerie) Neutralisation: les pieds noirs ou les maghrà ©bins; black Immigrant    Newmark (1988) states that the translators role is to make people understand, not to mystify by using vogue words. thus literally translating the words may not be enough for the reader to understand what has been written in the text. le ministre de lintà ©rieur being translated as the minister of the interior holds no value in English whereas Home secretary or Director of homeland security is a known position to the readership in the target language. This is an example of using cultural equivalency in order to ensure that the Target text reader can understand the text. I will now discuss some of the applied aspects of translation. There are many fields in which a translator can practice ones profession; other than literary translation, one can work in an array of subject areas such as commerce, law and film. Even though the translators role is the same in every field, some challenges are presented to the translator more clearly in some practices than others. The translation of humour may seem straight forward in ones mind but the question must arise to the translator that some expressions and phrases that are funny in ones own language and culture may be different in another. Vandaeles definition of humour: Humour is what causes amusement, mirth, a Spontaneous smile and laughter. (eds Gambier Y and Van Doorslaer L, 2010) The translator must understand the catalyst which makes phrases humorous in the target language, so that one can appropriately replicate the effect of the source text. The translator must provoke feelings of positive arousal when enticing these emotive feelings from the readership; however a balance between fidelity and transparency must be maintained in the target language in order to receive the same humorous effect as one receives from the source language. (Vandaele J, 2002) How does the translator achieve this? There are a number of factors which make a phrase or expression funny. Often the topic, situation and presentation of a joke can evoke feelings of humour and could be seen as a branch of translating culture. Kopp J (2012) explains that current affairs play a big part in the context of humour and uses the example of topic based current affairs programs such as Have I got news for you, (by the BBC) to elaborate this: Alan Davies: Eight hundred Americans die in a McDonalds every year. Rich Hall: Which one? Best to avoid that one. (QI.wikiquote, 2013) The above quote shows that context is important in order to find the joke humorous. Even though it is possible that the presentation of the joke can affect the recipients perception of the joke, those living in the west are knowledgeable that America is facing a crisis in terms of the levels of obesity within the country. Alan Davies is portrayed to be giving a fact about the number of deaths that occur within the fast-food franchise McDonalds each year. However Rick hall plays on Davies use of the singular proper noun, a McDonalds, giving the impression that eight hundred Americans die in one particular franchise of the fast-food chain each year. Why is this funny? Kopp J (2012) suggests that the ridicule of a nation or group of people can evoke a humorous outcome; here, the emphasis on the death of Americans suggests a cultural elitism amongst those who are not of an American nationality, thus creating a humorous situation. She also states that the knowledge shared by the recipient is important as one that does not know of the situation on Americas obesity crisis or does not have knowledge of the McDonalds fast-food chain cannot readily understand the joke. The translator must understand that some communities may not recognize this because they do not have knowledge of the subject. Therefore the translator may add information to the translation in order to achieve the same humorous effect. [FR] Alan Davies : il y a 800 amà ©ricains qui meurent dans un McDo chaque annà ©e. [FR] Rick Hall  : Ça cest Vrai  ? On ne devrait pas aller du mà ªme McDo alors  ! Here we can see that all of the key elements from the source language remain in the translation as the audience of the target language are culturally aware of the situation created by Davies and Hall during their sketch. However the use of meme by Hall clarifies his point of not wishing to go to a restaurant in which 800 people have died. The next challenge I will refer to is the issue of legal translation. I find this to be an issue for the translator as one must show transparency in ones translation. The fidelity to the source text is no longer sacred as one must be even more conscious of the technicality of the subject matter. The translator must be faithful to the law and communicate it effectively, rather than concentrating on the translation of idiomatic expressions in the source text, the translation must remain transparent enough so that the message of the law remains clear whilst maintaining a functional equivalence to the source text. The requirement for legal translation is increasing due to an increased access for people and businesses to travel freely. This means that the law in every country needs to be translated so that there is access for people to read on the law of the country they plan to visit or work. This only becomes an issues for translators when legal conventions and government institutions do not have a cultural equivalent in the target language or that the running of the institution is governed in a different way to that of the same institution in the source language. (Riberi, 2012) thus the greatest obstacle in legal translation is the incongruity of legal systems between countries. (Ã…Â  arcevic S, 2000) This poses a problem when translating legal texts as there are a number of functions which a legal text can perform. However I find that the problematical legal text takes a prescriptive function; it is used to inform the reader about actions and sanctions that will occur if one does not co nform to a specific ruling. However, how does one translate a course of action that does not exist in the target language? Continental law does not prescribe the death penalty, yet a French holiday maker traveling to a country, such as Thailand, which does prescribe the death penalty could unknowingly be put under this sanction without knowledge of it unless the translator appropriately translates the term. Thus the translation of prescriptive legal texts is a challenging practice for a translator. Throughout this essay I discussed a number challenges that face the translator. Even though this essay has not explored all of the issues that face the translator, it gives a broad perspective on the decisions that the translator must make during ones practice and that the translator can sometimes be accountable for the reader not receiving the same effect from the target text than that of the source text. I have answered the question to what I consider to be the biggest challenges facing translator and I think the work to be done during the textual analysis is the hardest challenge that translator faces during ones work. The decisions which the translator makes during this time will affect the quality of the final translation. Thus making the correct decisions in the textual analysis is vital to a complete translation. A key theme shown within the essay is cultural mediation. The translator must assume what the readership knows and what the readership is culturally able to understand. When one is translating the text, the translator must make decisions to change the ideas in the text to suit the readership in order to evoke the same effect given when reading the source text. This concept is clear in the translation of humour as some cultures are not able to readily understand western humour, and therefore must be given an alternative discourse to the source text in order to maintain a functional equivalent; which is to evoke laughter from the readership. (Vandaele J, 2002) My final point on challenges for the translator is legal translation and this essay concludes on the difficulties that the translator faces when trying to maintain function equivalents between texts whilst coping with incongruent legal systems and maintain the fine between fidelity and transparency in the target language. The translator must make decisions when facing sanctions which are not realised in other countries and find ways to inform the readership of this whilst holding ones fidelity to the effectiveness of the plurilingual communication of the law. (Riberi J, 2012)

Following Janies Developement in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay ex

People grow and develop at different rates. The factors that heavily influence a person's growth are heredity and environment. The people you meet and the experiences you have are very important in what makes a person who he/she is. Janie develops as a woman with the three marriages she has. In each marriage she learns precious lessons, has increasingly better relationships, and realizes how a person is to live his/her life. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie's marriages to Logan Killicks, Jody Starks, and Tea Cake are the most vital elements in her growth as a woman. Janie's marriage to Logan Killicks was the first stage in her growth as a woman. She hoped that her obligatory marriage with Logan would end her solitude and desire for love. Right from the beginning, the solitude in the marriage shows up when Janie sees that his house is a "lonesome place like a stump in the middle of the woods where nobody had ever been" (20). This description of Logan's house is symbolic of the relationship they have. Janie eventually admits to Nanny that she still...

When Modernist Tools Go PoMo Essay -- Internet Style Essays

When Modernist Tools Go PoMo Since the internet is a tool largely founded in modernist thought it possesses the ability to eradicate social and historical diversity of style in composition. However, due to the shift of thought entailed in Postmodernism, and the fact that making a website grows easier every day, the shift towards global uniformity of style might be slowing or even reversing. A variety of examples support the argument that the internet is, in fact, not restricting or reducing the development of diversity within composition, but rather is promoting diversity and enforcing the Postmodernist concept of a convoluted reality that defies attempts at classification. To fully understand the assertions made it is important to understand the differences between Modernist and Postmodernist thought, and to know what is meant by cultural and historical diversity of style in composition. Simply put, Modernist theory states that the ideal form is that of a machine. To Modernists, everything is seen in terms of the machine; everything can be observed within the extent of means for conversion of an input or stimulus to an output or reaction. Once viewed this way, the essence of all objects lies in their utilitarian function, and once utilitarianism is the standard by which all things are measured the need for diversity is non-existent. Then, when the assertion is made and substantiated that the internet is in essence a product of this mindset , it can be seen how it can be considered a tool facilitating standardization and the formation of a single universal style for composition. The purpose of this destruction of diversity is for utilitarian efficiency and common understanding. Postmodernism is best understood as ... ...ons. The goal of these sites is stated to be the opposite of what is considered the correct or standard style of composition, and so they fall under the concept of taboo sites that do not conform to standards. Ultimately, the internet is different from the previous forms of mass communication because it exists in a different social context. Thus, it is evident that the internet is considerably more Postmodernist in nature, despite the fact that it is steeped in Modernist foundations of organization and intent. Due to the internet’s origins in Modernist thought it definitely possesses the capabilities to further the Modernist concept of an absolute standardization of style in composition. But as long as the internet remains easily accessible to the general public and open as a forum for international interaction the possibilities for diversity of style are endless.

The Power of the Moral Ideal in The Fountainhead Essay -- Fountainhead

The Power of the Moral Ideal in The Fountainhead  Ã‚      The Fountainhead is a novel of gigantic proportions.   It deals with great talent and great mediocrity, with great love and great hatred, with great ambition and equally great complacence.   It unpretentiously chooses to steer clear of the much hyped common man, with his commonplace dreams and aspirations. The theme of The Fountainhead can be summarized in the famous line by the author-"man's ego is the fountainhead of human progress".   The novel exalts egotism, which is generally looked upon in our world with great dislike.   The protagonist, Howard Roark, is a man used by the author to exemplify this philosophy.   He is a man of outstanding genius whose only fault seems to be that the world is not ready for him.   This man's genius remains unrecognized by the society, he is shunned and ridiculed, but no number of attempts to break him, to force him to confine his work within the parameters laid by the society succeed.   The inborn talent in this man and the fountainhead of inspiration in his soul cannot be restrained by any force on earth. Individualism is the doctrine on which the novel is based." No man can live for another".   If a man has talent, and recognises the potential within him, he has the right to be an egotist.   Egotism must not be equated with false pride.   A man who believes in himself acquires the strength to combat the whole world.   Such is the case of Howard Roark.   What puts him on a plane much higher than every other character in this novel is the sheer power and self conviction he exudes in the face of the gravest adversity.   Howard Roark is as powerful as he is not because he has any control over the society or the minds of others, but because ... ...redible strength can never be destroyed .he may physically be open to destruction, but the fountainhead -of inspiration within him and his amazing self-conviction can never be shattered. Works Cited and Consulted Berliner, Michael S., ed. Letters of Ayn Rand. By Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton, 1995. Branden, Barbara. The Passion of Ayn Rand: A biography. New York: Doubleday, 1986a Branden, Nathaniel. My Years with Ayn Rand. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1999. Garmong, Dina. Personal interview. 2 Nov. 1999. Peikoff, Leonard. The Philosophy of Objectivism, A Brief Summary. Stein and Day, 1982. Rand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. New York: Plume, 1994. The Ayn Rand Institute. "A Brief Biography of Ayn Rand" [Online] available www.aynrand.org/aynrand/biography.html, 1995 Walker, Jeff. The Ayn Rand Cult. Carus Publishing Company, 1999

Billy Bud Martial Law

Marshal Law in Billy Budd The story â€Å"Billy Budd† by Herman Melville takes place in 1797 on a British navel warship. A man named Billy Budd was recruited into the ranks as a naval sailor for the British ranks. Britain was at war with France during the time so on the warships marshal law was used. Billy Budd is a young sailor newly recruited into the ranks, he is liked by many of his crew. Munity on a lot of British warships has occurred and many officers are scared of their crew turning on them.John Claggart is the master at arms of the ship, his job is to keep an eye on the crew by making sure everyone is doing their job and not trying to start a mutiny. Claggart believes that Billy Budd is a dangerous man and thinks that Billy Budd is liable to mutiny. Claggart on his suspicions goes to speak to the captain and tells Captain Captain Edward Fairfax Vere about Billy Budd. Captain Vere does not believe this and asks Claggart and Billy Budd to come confront one another.Clagg art begins to accuse him and Billy Budd overcome with rage strikes Claggart and he collapses instantly to his death. After this the captain is forced to call for a trial for the death of Claggart. The Captain was the sole witness to the case, during the trial most judges as well as Captain Vere know that Billy Budd did not mean to but because of the Marshal Law set place Billy Bud must be put to death. Captain Vere tells the judges that they must vote to execute Billy Budd to show an example to the rest of the crew.Billy Budd is put to death by hanging. Marshal law plays a big role is the death of Billy Budd. Billy Budd is looked at as unintentionally killing Claggart he is still executed for his crime. The Navy’s Marshal law was enforce and stated that murder is murder regardless of intention. If Marshal law was not enforced Billy Budd would have most likely have been tried for killing Claggart and would have been found guilty but his sentencing would have been different.Bil ly Budd would have most likely been sent to jail for a number of years because of his actions but he would not have been sentenced to death. In Marshal law intention does not matter while in regular law intention is more important then the action that has accured. If someone by accidently killed someone driving they are not put to death but rather charged for manslaughter and could get a couple of years in jail. If the defendant shows that it was not his fault they could even and they did not mean their actions then they could be acquitted of manslaughter as well.But in Marshal law they could be trialed and put to death for simply killing the other. In the case of Billy Budd, Marshal law had a direct account for his execution. If there was no marshal law on the British warship he would have been spared his life. In conclusion Billy Budd’s death had to do solely with the type of law instilled in the British Naval ranks. If Billy Budd would have been charged in regular court he would have been found guilty and sent to jail for a couple of years. Instead Billy Budd was put to death by hanging.

In Civil Peace, How Does War Affect Society Essay

In human history, especially in the ninetieth century and the twentieth century, there were many civil wars in different countries because of political, economic, religious, ethnic, and cultural conflicts, for example, the American Civil War between the United States and several southern slaves states from 1861 to 1865; the Korean Civil War between the Republic of Korea and Democratic people Republic of Korea from 1950 to 1953; the Chinese Civil War between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China from 1927 to 1950, and the Nigeria Civil War between the Hausas Party and the Igbo Party from 1967 to 1970. Civil wars cause serious poverty and starvation for the people, kill tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians, and bring tragedies to many families. For instance, in the Korean Civil war, more than one million soldiers and civilians were killed, including over 40,000 American soldiers, 511,493 South Korean soldiers and civilians, about 400,000 North Koreans, and over 148,000 Chinese soldiers. Therefore, civil wars affect societies severely. In â€Å"Civil Peace†, the war causes terrible casualties of civilians and soldiers, results in fearful society instability, and destroys tremendous infrastructures and houses. In human history, especially in the ninetieth century and the twentieth century, there were many civil wars in different countries because of political, economic, religious, ethnic, and cultural conflicts, for example, the American Civil War between the United States and several southern slaves states from 1861 to 1865;[1] the Korean Civil War between the Republic of Korea and Democratic people Republic of Korea from 1950 to 1953;[2] the Chinese Civil War between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China from 1927 to 1950, and the Nigeria Civil War between the Hausas Party and the Igbo Party from 1967 to 1970. 3] Civil wars cause serious poverty and starvation for the people, kill tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians, and bring tragedies to many families. For instance, in the Korean Civil war, more than one million soldiers and civilians were killed, including over 40,000 American soldiers, 511,493 South Korean soldiers and civilians, about 400,000 North Koreans, and over 148,000 Chinese soldiers. [4] Therefore, civil wars affect societies severely. In â€Å"Civil Peace†, the war causes terrible casualties of civilians and soldiers, results in fearful society instability, and destroys tremendous infrastructures and houses. First, most Nigerian civilians live in hunger and malnutrition, but more miserably, tens of thousands soldiers and civilians are killed during the devastating civil war. It is estimated that about 180,000 soldiers and civilians were battle deaths and non-battle deaths. [5] Contrary to Jonathan’s luckiness, such as â€Å"He had come out of war with five inestimable blessing-his head, his wife Maria’s head and the heads of three out of their four children†(Achebe 20), many parents lost all of their children and many other children lost their parents. They all live in extreme grief and sorrow of losing their family members. Furthermore, those children whose parents are dead can hardly survive in the extreme postwar poverty. A lot of people suffer life poverty and spiritual grief. Most important, civil war brings tragedies to many families. These tragedies will affect survivors forever. Secondly, civil war not only results in lots of corporations being closed down and many employees being unemployed, but also brings social instability. For example, most of Jonathan’s fellow ex-miners cannot find jobs. They cook meals that they scrounge together in Bournvita tins. Moreover, because a large number civilian population lacks food and money and they are always in starvation; some civilians are forced to make a living through robbery. These robbers bring people serious fear and pain. In â€Å"Civil Peace†, after Jonathan brings his ex-gratia award back home, a gang of robbers comes and threatens that they will break into the house at night if he doesn’t give them one hundred pounds. â€Å"Jonathan and his family were now completely paralyzed by terror. Maria and the children sobbed inaudibly like lost souls. Jonathan groaned continuously† (Achebe 23). At last, the thieves rob Jonathan twenty pounds. Therefore, the Civil War causes serious social instability and brings civilians more sorrows. Thirdly, in addition to life hardships and spiritual grieves, tremendous infrastructures and houses are destroyed in the war. Many people become destitute and homeless. For example, when Jonathan comes back Enugu, he is astonished to find that â€Å"Only two houses away a huge concrete edifice some wealthy contractor had put up just before the war was a mountain of rubble† (Achebe 22). Some ex-miners are sleeping out of the offices because their houses are ruined in civil war. It is well known that roads, bridges, railways, and rban water and electricity facilities are always heavily destroyed during wars. Civilians suffer starvations during the days and endure cold during the nights because their houses are damaged. Indeed, it is inconceivable how tough conditions people live in during the war. Jonathan is an extra-ordinarily lucky man, but most civilians’ lives are tragic. Without food, houses, money, families and jobs, many people almost collapse into near-madness. Therefore, civil war results in numerous houses and infrastructures ruined. In addition, civil war will severely block postwar national economic development. The governments need to invest lots of money to rebuild ruined national infrastructures. â€Å"Nothing puzzles God† says Jonathan (Achebe 25), but civil wars puzzle everyone. Most Nigeria civilians undergo poverty, homelessness, cold and sadness. Civil wars not only bring extreme poverty and starvation, but also cause severe casualties of soldiers and civilians. Moreover, numerous houses and facilities are terribly ruined. In addition, a lot of factories and corporations are forced to close down. Above all, the civil war contributes to severe social instability, brings families tragedies, and causes people deep sorrows.

1999 Frq on the 1920s

The 1920s was a time of great economic growth. It was during the 1920s that the United States of America became one of the richest countries of the world. The economic conditions during the 1920s had a huge effect on arts, entertainment, and technology which represented the 1920s and making it known as the Roaring Twenties because of the new technology, entertainment advances, and cultural changes. The Roaring twenties is quite known for some of the new technology which became available to the public. One of the most significant examples of this was the automobile ndustry. Cars were a luxury exclusive to the very rich before WWI and the 1920s. Now, with advancements in industry and factory production, cars were becoming a cheaper thing to buy and many people were now able to obtain one. Henry Ford’s company sold over 15 million of the Model T car which was the most popular one of that time. Another technology advancement was with radio. Radios, like cars, were now more availab le for the public to use. Radios were able to broadcast news, sports, and quite a variety of other programs as well.These technology advancements lead to a growth in the economy because of the many people who wanted to be a part of history and supply themselves with the new technology. Many Entertainment advancements of the time lead to some economic growth as well. One major entertainment was baseball. The 1920s is referred to as the Golden Age of Baseball. Millions of spectators would come out to all the games to watch the favorite teams and players who would go down in history as the greatest baseball players of all time like Babe Ruth, TyCobb, and Lou Gehrig. Although baseball was the most known for doing well during the Roaring Twenties, other sports like boxing, college and professional football, and basketball were able to bring out many spectators who would pay money to see the games. Technology like the radio and new motion picture technology was another profitable source o f entertainment. There were many cultural changes as well during the time period. Notable culture changes in the 1920s were with women and African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was a emarkable African American culture change almost directly influenced by the good economy in the cities which influenced many African Americans out of the south and into the northern cities. African Americans started to have more time for entertainment as well. African Americans developed new forms of art and a new form of music know as jazz. African American baseball team played each other in a league known as the Negro Leagues. Basketball teams were formed with African Americans members. There were all black musicals. The GreatMigrations of African Americans lead to a new prosperous time of culture changes. Another group of Americans who went through culture change were the women. Women had gained their right to vote with the passing of the 19th amendment and now women wanted to become more a part of the society. Through this time period many women now had jobs. With the new earned wages they had, it inspired a culture change in which women had new fashions, hair styles, and habits. Places like pubs or speak easies and barber shops that were places where en could hang out without women around now had women in them. The economics of the Roaring twenties inspired the great cultural changes in the women and African American populations. Until 1929 when the United States started to take a bad turn into the Great Depression, the 1920s was a great economic times of the post war economics. The cultural changes, technology, and entertainment were results of the great economic time the twenties and really gave the time period a great reputation as the Roaring Twenties.

Problems with E-Banking

The relevant statutes and cases 5 How the current legislations adequately 6 protect the consumers References 7 QUESTION: Analyse with relevant statutes and cases the problems with electronic banking and how the current legislations adequately protect the consumers overcoming these problems. ANSWER: The following are the problems with e-banking: 1. Time of payment:The opportunity for a customer to countermand or stop electronic payment is unclear. If the transfer is effective before the countermand is received, then the paying institution will have paid in accord with its mandate and is not liable to reverse or restore payment to the customer. Cheques are only paid or effective once cleared, and the paying bank holds records of the appropriate debit, however with EFT there are 5 possible times of payment: a. The time of transmission. b. The entering of the transfer instruction into the transfer system. c. The time of receipt of the transfer instruction by the paying institution. . The time when the recipient financial institution decides to accept the payment. e. The time when the recipient financial institution credits the sum to the account of its customer. 2. Malfunctions: ADIs accept liability for direct loss if there is a malfunction in the system. In the case where an electronic malfunction resulted in non-payment of an amount of money due under a charter party agreement, such that one of the parties lost the benefit of a ship charter, resulting in the loss of millions of dollars, it may result to indirect or consequential loss.The Uniform Commercial Code, in the USA, prohibits recovery of consequential damages from a recipient bank for a delayed or otherwise mishandled funds transfer unless there is express written agreement permitting recovery between the bank and its customer. 3. Evidence of transactions: EFT transactions are usually evidenced at the point of transaction by a document proffered to the customer. The problem arises with the unauthorized o r fraudulent use of the facility, this will result to the customer not discovering the unauthorized use until there is a periodic statement issued. . Security, fraud and liability: In accordance with cheques and bills, a customer is not ordinarily liable for losing a bill, cheque or cheque book or failing to check bank statements for inaccuracies; the duties owed by the customer to a bank are quite limited in scope. However in the case of debit and credit cards, the duties are quite different. The customer is under greater contractual duties regarding security and liability for fraud. He must keep the card in a safe place and is required to notify the bank immediately of its loss or theft. 5. Terms of contract:The terms of e-banking account are set by the ADI and are varied upon notice from time to time. Customers have little bargaining power and also problems with understanding the contractual obligations. To further illustrate this point, there is usually a â€Å"Conditions of Us e† document supplied with a debit or credit card but rarely is it understood, and as soon as the customer signs the card or first uses it, they are deemed to have accepted the card on these conditions. The relevant statutes and cases illustrating the problems with electronic banking: 1.ANZ vs Westpac (1988) 164 CLR 662, A meat company (Jakes) had an account with the branch of the Westpac Bank. At the relevant time the account was overdrawn in the amount of $67,000. A customer presented to ANZ a cheque in favour of Jakes for $14,000, but, by reason of clerial error, ANZ credited Jakes account with Westpac for $114,000. By the time ANZ notified Westpac for the error, Westpac had applied the money in reducing the overdraft and in honouring a number of Jakes’s cheques. Jakes paid back only $2,500 of the $100,000 before going into liquidation.ANZ brought an action against Westpac to recover the overpayment, however Westpac sought to rely on the defence of ministerial receipt . Bth parties acted on the basis of concessions made by Westpac that the reduction of the overdraft anad the payment of certain cheques which could have been dishonoured by Westpac at the time was notified of the mistake should be ignored for the purposes of determining whether the moneys had been applied. As a result of the concessions it was accepted by Westpac that it had not applied $17,021 of the payment and that it was liable to return this amount. . Mercedes Benz v ANZ and National Mutual Royal Savings Bank Ltd (Part 2), Mrs R was employed by the plaintiff as a payroll supervisor. By arrangement with the second defendant, she was given forms for opening accounts for new employees of the plaintiff, and she received cards and PINs for accessing those accounts. The plaintiff paid wages and commissions by issuing a cheque in favour of NMRB who then credited the appropriate accounts. There was virtually no supervision of Mrs R after her appointment, nor did the second defendant ev er question the creation of accounts.Mrs R defrauded the plaintiff company using several different schemes. For the purposes of the present note, the relevant scheme was to create accounts in fictitious names and then use those accounts for the deposit of cheques. How the current legislations adequately protect the consumers: To address these problems, a joint State and Federal Committee of Consumer Affairs Ministers prepared a Code of Conduct to be allowed by financial institutions. They were given some time to incorporate the Code into their standard EFT contracts or alternatively face legislation.After amendments recommended by the Trade Practices Commission in 1989, the Code was implemented along with the Australian Banking Ombudsman Scheme. The current Code is now part of ASIC’s scope of administration.REFERENCES: 1. Restitution law: By Sharon Erbacher pg. 639 2. Law 330 module 2 pg. 30-32 3. Cases and materials on the law of restitution:  By Andrew Burrows, Ewan McKen drick, James Edelman pg. 838 4. http://austlii. edu. au/~alan/mb2. html, Mercedes Benz v ANZ and National Mutual Royal Savings Bank Ltd (Part 2), accessed on 20/08/10.

Gun control does not reduce violence Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Gun control does not reduce violence - Thesis Example Gun control is seriously considered as one of the solutions to end violence because it is thought of as tool of violence, it being a weapon that can indeed harm, mutilate and even kill an individual. This concern is not without basis because there are incidences of crimes and violence that are gun related. The proponents of this solution posit that if the tools or weapons that were used in those crimes and incidence of violence did not become available, then violence will be reduced. While this may seem to be a plausible solution to reducing violence, gun control may pose a problem of infringing on our basic rights as Americans to bear arms as stated in the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights contained in the Constitution of the United States of America. The Second Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States exegetes that â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed†.... tate regulation such as a provision in the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 law in the District of Columbia that requires all firearms including rifles and shotguns to be kept "unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock. The Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 also contained a provision that prohibits the residents of the District of Columbia from owning handguns except those that were registered prior to 1975. As expected, the law was challenged and was elevated in the Supreme Court. Until finally on June 26, 2008 the Supreme Court made a decision to affirm the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Heller v. District of Columbia. The Court of Appeals had initially made a decision to remove two provisions in the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 as unconstitutional. The provisions that were removed as unconstitutional were the provision that prohibits the residence of District of Columbia from the ownership of handguns except prior 1975 and the provis ion that requires all firearms to be "unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock" at all times. The decision elaborated that the Second Amendment â€Å"protects an individual right to bear arms† further stating its decision was "premised on the private use of arms for activities such as hunting and self-defense, the latter being understood as resistance to either private lawlessness or the depredations of a tyrannical government† (Library of Congress, 2012). Further, this right help preserve a citizen militia â€Å"the activities [the Amendment] protects are not limited to militia service, nor is an individual's enjoyment of the right contingent upon his or her continued or intermittent enrollment in the militia." (Guncite.com, 2010). With regard to handgun ownership, the Supreme