Causes Of The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

Causes of the Great Depression Many people think that the Great Depression was caused solely by the stock market crash. Anybody who tells you this probably didn’t pass U.S. History in high school. The fact is, the Great Depression was caused many different factors. Four of which were overproduction, uneven distribution of wealth, protective tariffs, and the four â€Å"sick industries† of the 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War I, new technological improvements helped factories to produce higher quantities of goods using smaller amounts of employees. Fewer workers meant less money being redistributed to the consumers to purchase products. America didn’t have a necessity for this higher quantity of goods with less people receiving paychecks. Thusly, the age-old system of supply and demand began to wither because there were too many products with too few people who could afford them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1922, the average weekly earning for most people was about 22 dollars. Because of this uneven distribution of income, families couldn’t afford to buy most products. Businesses suffered additionally because they had trouble selling goods. Most profits that could have been put into employee’s salaries went to shareholders or back to the business itself. If the workers had higher wages, they would be able to purchase goods and thus help the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1930, congress passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which created the highe...

Promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people Essay

Culture can have many different meanings and the way the word is used has changed over time. Culture can cut across nationalities and religions. It is what gives groups of people in our society their identity. Culture also refers to the way groups live, for example – travellers with, shared customs, thoughts, arts, language and social activity. Recognising and promoting cultural diversity of individuals and groups within the school will develop learning and encourage the knowledge and understanding of all pupils. It is important that schools celebrate the bilingual or multilingual skills of pupils. Schools will have a policy in place which states how to ensure inclusive practice, including the additional support for pupils who need to improve their English if it is not their first language. We have a child in our class (Year 2) who is learning 2 languages that are spoken in Venezuela, where his parents are from. He is learning Spanish and Warao. We have noticed that he is finding it difficult sometimes to comprehend instructions. As teaching staff we are understanding and sympathetic to his needs as we are aware he is learning about his culture which is extremely important to his parents and his upbringing. We repeat any instructions given and check he has understood them. Understanding and taking account of our pupil’s background and culture is essential for us to build effective relationships and provide support. The diverse cultures in our society should be recognised and reflected throughout the curriculum. For example, incorporating music, foods, stories and drama from a range of cultures will help to contribute to a prosperous curriculum. This demonstrates that we (as a school) are not only valuing the culture of groups but also supporting all pupils to explore and understand cultures which are different from their own. During International Week in school last year each class picked a country to explore and learn about. The children had to learn about the culture, language, foods, traditions and the flag of their chosen country. The class teacher also did the register in the language of the country and the children answered ‘good morning’ in the language also. At the end of the week we held a school assembly for each class to do a presentation of their work on their country and the interesting and cultural things they had found out.

Essay on Edexcel G3 June 2010 40 mark question

Essay on Edexcel G3 June 2010 40 mark question Essay on Edexcel G3 June 2010 40 mark question Throughout the world there is a huge disparity in the wealth between nations in the world. Whilst the richest countries maintain a high quality of life the same cannot be said for those poorest countries (LDC’s). LDC countries often have population living in poverty with a low quality of life, barely any social mobility and little if any access to change and develop as a country. However the world seeks to change these impacts and hopes to change the future of LDC countries, but around the world there are many different views on how these countries can develop be that from intervention or not. There are many barriers which LDC countries face, these have all been seen as essential factors to develop and so the UN created a set of goals (Millennium Development Goals) as targets for some of the poorest countries to achieve. These 8 goals include stopping poverty, greater primary education rates, equality, improved health and also striving for sustainable methods to develop. Whilst few countries have achieved all or any of these targets, they have set ways for countries to develop and to provide a better life for their population. A number of NGOs are also helping to achieve these goals with groups like the Micah Challenge, Millennium Campaign and others. This shows two types of aid, both bilateral as all UN government members work together to help, as well as multilateral through the NGO’s and other charities which worked to help solve these issues. However aid cannot for all countries as for many it becomes something they have to rely on, such as Mozambique were aid a ccounts for 60% of the country’s GDP, which in the long run is incredibly unsustainable. While many do agree that intervention is needed for these countries to develop those who don’t believe in intervention from the rest of the world point to the Asian Tigers a grouping of nations who rapidly developed and have since made a huge impact on a global economic stance as they have entered the manufacturing sector and out priced other countries. This was a stark rise before their recent rapid rate of economic development. One of the largest growths of development can be seen with South Korea one of the tigers, before the rapid industrialisation they had a HDI of 0.640 in 1980 the equivalent of 117th in the world today, however they have rapidly risen to 12th in the world with a rating of 0.909, better than the UK and France. Although many believe that this growth has come from not outside intervention. However although little aid has reached the Asian Tigers to help them development they instead benefitted from large levels of FDI from tnc’s mainly based in the western world. This investment has greatly increased the general quality of life in the country as the manufacturing provided more stable and greater earning than the previous dominant agriculture business. This extra income has allowed the population to increase their services through taxes as well as to provide more stuff for their family. However many see this type of intervention as impossible in the poorest countries in the world and they cite the high prevalence of corruption in the countries as a huge negative for foreign companies to invest. Whilst there was corruption in the Asian Tigers they also had other negatives to get investment including higher levels of literacy as well as close transport links to large areas of consumption especially to the booming South East Asian countries including China

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 3

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 3 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In Chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby, we finally - finally! - we get to see one of Gatsby’s totally off the hook parties! And, it more than lives up to the hype as far as Nick is concerned. Even more excitingly, we finally get to meet the man, the myth, the legend himself - Gatsby, in the flesh! So why then does this reveal, which the novel has been building toward for 2.5 chapters, seem so anticlimactic? Read on for our Great GatsbyChapter 3 summary, coveringthe highs and lows of the Gatsby Saturday night experience. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 3Summary Nick describes watching endless parties going on in Gatsby’s house every weekend. Guests party day and night and then on Mondays servants clean up the mess. Everything is about excess and a sense of overkill. Each weekend, guests are ferried back and forth to Manhattan by Rolls-Royce, crates of oranges and lemons are juiced, an army of caterers sets up tents and lighting, food is piled high, the bar is overwhelmingly stocked, and there is a huge band playing. It's an even bigger deal than it sounds because all this is happeningduring the Prohibition, when alcohol was supposedly unavailable. The first night Nick goes to Gatsby’s for a party, he’s one of a very few actually invited guests. Everyone else just crashes.At the party, Nick is ill at ease. He knows no one. There’s a surprising number of English people at the party, who seem desperate to get their hands on American money. No one knows where Gatsby himself is. Nick hangs out near the bar until he sees Jordan Baker.Nick and Jordan chat with other party people. A young woman tells them that at another one of these parties, when she ripped her dress by accident, Gatsby sent her a very expensive replacement.They gossip about what this odd behavior means. One rumor has it that Gatsby killed someone, another that he was a German spy. Food is served, which Nick and Jordan eat at a table full of people from East Egg, who look at this insane party with condescension. Theydecide to find Gatsby since Nick has never actually met him. In his mansion, they end up in the library, which has ornately carved bookshelves and reams of books.A man with owl-eyed spectacles enthuses about the fact that all these books are actually real – and about the fact that Gatsby hasn’t cut their pages (meaning he’s never read any of them). Back out in the garden, guests are now dancing, and several famous opera singers perform. Some partygoers also perform relatively risquà © acts. Nick and Jordan sit down at a table with a man who recognizes Nick from the army. After talking about the places in France where they were stationed during the war, the man reveals that he is Gatsby.Gatsby flashes the world’s greatest and most seductive (not sexually, just extremely appealingly) smile at Nick and leaves to take a phone call from Chicago. Nick demands more information about Gatsby from Jordan, who said that Gatsby calls himself an Oxford man (meaning, he went to the University of Oxford). Jordan says that she doesn’t believe this, and Nick lumps the info in with all the other rumors he’s heard (that Gatsby had killed a man, that he was Kaiser Wilhelm’s nephew, that he was a German spy, etc.). The orchestra strikes up the latest number one hit.Nick notices Gatsby looking over his guests with approval. Gatsby neither drinks, nor dances, nor flirts with anyone at the party. When Jordan is suddenly and mysteriously asked to speak to Gatsby alone, Nick watches a drunk guest weep and then pass out. He notices fights breaking out between other couples. Even the group of people from East Egg are no longer on their best behavior. Despite the fact that the party is clearly over, no one wants to leave.As Nick is getting his hat to leave, Gatsby and Jordan come out of the library. Jordan tells Nick that Gatsby has just told her something amazing – but she can’t reveal what. She gives Nick her number and leaves. Nick finds Gatsby, apologizes for not seeking him out earlier. Gatsby invites him to go out on his hydroplane the next day, and Nick leaves as Gatsby is summoned to a phone call from Philadelphia. He waves goodbye from the steps of his mansion, looking lonely. Outside, the man with the owl-eyed spectacles from the library has crashed his car. An even drunker man emerges from the driver’s seat of the wreck and is comically but also horrifyingly confused about what has happened. Suddenly, the narrative is interrupted by present-day Nick. He thinks that what he’s been writing is probably giving us the wrong idea. He wasn’t fixated on Gatsby during that summer – this fixation has only happened since then.That summer, he spent most of his time working at his second or third-tier bond trading company, Probity Trust, and had a relationship with a coworker. He started to really like the crowded and anonymous feel of Manhattan, but also felt lonely. In the middle of the summer, Nick reconnects with Jordan Baker and they start dating. He almost falls in love with her and discovers that under her veneer of boredom, Jordan is an incorrigible liar. She gets away with it because in the rigid upper-class code of behavior, calling a woman out as a liar would be improper. Nick suddenly remembers the story he had read about her golfing career: Jordan was accused of cheating by moving her ball to a better lie, but the witnesses later recanted and nothing was proven. When Nick complains that Jordan is a terrible driver, she answers that she relies on the other people on the road to be careful instead of her.Nick wants to take their relationship further, but reigns himself in because he hasn’t fully broken off the non-engagement back home that Tom and Daisy had asked him about earlier. He claims that he is one of the few honest people that he’s ever met. So, lots of car accidents, and talk about car accidents, all in the vicinity of alcohol? Can you say foreshadowing? Key Chapter 3 Quotes I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby's house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited- they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island and somehow they ended up at Gatsby's door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. (3.7) Gatsby’s parties are the epitome of anonymous, meaningless excess – so much so that people treat his house as a kind of public, or at least commercial, space rather than a private home. This is connected to the vulgarity of new money– you can’t imagine Tom and Daisy throwing a party like this. Or Nick for that matter. The random and meaningless indulgence of his parties further highlights Gatsby's isolation from true friends. As Jordan says later, large parties are great because they provide privacy/intimacy, so Gatsby stands alone in a sea of strangers having their own intimate moments. A stout, middle-aged man with enormous owl-eyed spectacles was sitting somewhat drunk on the edge of a great table, staring with unsteady concentration at the shelves of books. †¦He waved his hand toward the book-shelves. "About that. As a matter of fact you needn't bother to ascertain. I ascertained. They're real†¦."Absolutely real- have pages and everything. I thought they'd be a nice durable cardboard. Matter of fact, they're absolutely real. Pages and- Here! Lemme show you." Taking our skepticism for granted, he rushed to the bookcases and returned with Volume One of the "Stoddard Lectures." "See!" he cried triumphantly. "It's a bona fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Belasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop too- didn't cut the pages. But what do you want? What do you expect?" (3.41-50) Belasco was a renowned theatrical producer, so comparing Gatsby to him here is a way of describing the library as a stageset for a play – in other words, as a magnificent and convincing fake. This sea of unread books is either yet more tremendous waste of resources, or a kind of miniature example of the fact that a person’s core identity remains the same no matter how many layers of disguise are placed on top. Gatsby has the money to buy these books, but he lacks the interest, depth, time, or ambition to read and understand them, which is similar to how he regards his quest to get Daisy. He smiled understandingly- much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced- or seemed to face- the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey. Precisely at that point it vanished- and I was looking at an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd. Some time before he introduced himself I'd got a strong impression that he was picking his words with care. (3.76) Lots of Gatsby’s appeallies in his ability to instantly connect with the person he is speaking to, to make that person feel important and valued. This is probably what makes him a great front man for Wolfsheim’s bootlegging enterprise, and connects him with Daisy, who also has a preternaturally appealing quality – her voice. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame deeply- I was casually sorry, and then I forgot. (3.161) The offhanded misogyny of this remark that Nick makes about Jordan is telling in a novel where women are generally treated as objects at worst or lesser beings at best. Even our narrator, ostensibly a tolerant and nonjudgmental observer, here reveals a core of patriarchal assumptions that run deep. Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known. (3.171) There are layers of meaning and humor here. First, the humor: While in Christian tradition there is the concept of cardinal virtues, honesty is not one of them. So here, since the phrase â€Å"cardinal sin† is the more familiar concept, there is a small joke that Nick’s honesty is actually a negative quality, a burden. Nick is telling us about his scrupulous honesty a second after he’s revealed that he’s been writing love letters to a girl back home every week despite wanting to end their relationship, and despite dating a girl at his office, and then dating Jordan in the meantime. So honesty to Nick doesn’t really mean what it might to most people. Second, the meaning: What does it mean to have our narrator tell us in one breath that he is honest to a fault, and that he doesn’t think that most other people are honest? This sounds like a humblebrag kind of observation. But also, we need to question Nick’s ability to understand/empathize with other people if he thinks he is on such a removed plane of existence from them. And of course since he just showed us that he is not actually all that honest only a paragraph ago, we need to realize that his narration is probably not completely factual/accurate/truthful. Plus, this observation comes at the end of the third chapter, after we've met all the major players finally - so it's like the board has been set, and now we finallt have enough informationto distrustour narrator. I guess we’re going with â€Å"Nick Carraway: World’s Most Honest Liar† on this one? Chapter 3 Analysis This is a good time to step back from the plot and the text to see how this chapter connects to the book's bigger picture. Themes and Symbols Money and Materialism. Nothing says Roaring 20s excess like the insane party Gatsby throws. In Nick’s description, it’s an explosion of decorations, food, alcohol, music, and anonymous guests who don’t even know the host. This, combined with the over-the-top level of entertainment he provides is jarring even for the wealthy West Egg crowd, and speaks to the materialism and conspicuous display of consumption the novel deplores. It’s interesting that Gatsby orchestrates but doesn’t participate in his extravaganzas – even the guests become display pieces of his wealth as he stands above them and watches. Society and Class. At the same time, we get a sense of the West Egg/East Egg divide as Jordan Baker’s East Egg friends stick together and do not mix with the rest of the guests, regarding them as vulgar and beneath them. Mutability of Identity. The beautifully decorated libraryfilled with books that have never been read speaks to Gatsby’s theatrical approach to crafting his new identity. He can create the trapping and appearance of an Oxford man, but doesn’t have the background or inner resources to actually be one.At the same time, the mystery around Gatsby deepens. We get new theories about his background - he killed a man, he was a German spy during the war, he went to Oxford. And we also see him doing all sorts of inexplicable things – taking business phone calls from Chicago and Philadelphia, telling Jordan something secret and fascinating, not actually partying at his own party. At the same time, we get the first glimpse into the â€Å"great† Gatsby – that dazzling smile that captivates Nick with its empathy and connection. Motifs: Sports.We get our second mention of organized sports in Nick’s brief description of a golf cheating scandal that Jordan was involved with. He chalks it up to her general tendency to lie. Golf is the perfect sport for Jordan to play. It is a game that is highly ordered by social rules and customs, so it fits neatly into her lying MO- she relies on the idea that accusing a woman of cheating is seen as ungentlemanly. Jordan Baker: using the staid rules of the behavior of the upper crust to leverage her golf game, like a boss. Crucial Character Beats Nick and Jordan meet the man with the owl-eyed spectacles (a mysterious and yet somehow important minor figure - later, he will be the only person who will show up to Gatsby’s funeral) who shows them Gatsby’s library of unread books. Like the rest of Gatsby’s life, this library is just window-dressing. We finally meet Gatsby! The title character of the book doesn’t appear until Chapter 3 – and by this point, he’s no longer just a man. He’s a myth and a legend. His actual appearance doesn’t dispel the mystery, but deepens it: why is he getting business phone calls on a weekend? How does a man as young as he is have this kind of money? Why doesn’t he participate in his own party? Why doesn’t Nick describe what he looks like (the way he does every other person in the book)? The owl-spectacles man and his even drunker companion crash a car that they have no idea how to drive. This alarming combination of driving and alcohol is here played for laughs, but is also an important bit of foreshadowing. The foreshadowing is laid on even thicker when Jordan says that as a careless driver, she relies on other people to watch out for her, and Nick points out the danger of two careless people meeting on the road. Present-day Nickinterrupts his story to let us know that the things that he is describing as significant now didn’t appear so at the time. This both shows how much his fascination with Gatsby has grown over time, and makes the novel’s heavy use of foreshadowing all the more significant. Nick and Jordan start dating, and he realizes that she is a compulsive liar. What’s Next? Learn more about what makes Jordan tick in preparation for the next chapter, when she will take over narrator duties for a while. Consider the role the motifs of music, alcohol, and sports play in the novel. Think about how Gatsby’s parties have been portrayed in the movie adaptations of this novel, since these are the scenes that have become iconic in the way Gatsby has seeped into the larger culture. Move on to the summary of Chapter 4, or revisit the summary of Chapter 2. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Is the common law fair Essays

Is the common law fair Essays Is the common law fair Essay Is the common law fair Essay Essay Topic: Law From a moral point of view one might say that honest people act in accordance of good faith and fairness. But morals normally originate from religion or culture. The Common Law on the other hand is laissez faire, which means that the law doesnt interfere a lot in legal affairs of businesses. It doesnt sympathise a lot with the nature of good faith and fairness as long as one doesnt misrepresent and deceive or doesnt act unconscionably. Moreover in the case of Walford v. Miles [1992] Lord Ackner states that The concept of a duty to carry on negotiations in good faith is inherently repugnant to the adversarial position of the parties when involved in negotiations. Each party to the negotiations is entitled to pursue his (or her) own interest, so long as he avoids making misrepresentation1 This shows that from the judiciaries point of view the law shouldnt be concerned with good faith and fairness but with negative actions. This is possibly because the common law wants to promote healthy businesses where parties can pursue their interest in their own way but not misrepresent or deceive the other party. Therefore on one hand the common law wants to promote healthy business but at the same time stop people from misleading other people into a contact. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 on the other hand implies good faith upon the law. As you can see in Article 5 of the Unfair Terms A contract term which has not been individually negotiated shall be regarded as unfair if, contrary to the requirement of good faith, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer2. Therefore since we know that the common law doesnt stress the good faith as much as the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, I will now move on and asses whether fairness is really necessary and welcome in English Law. Some Lawyers would argue that fairness isnt necessary and welcome at all because it removes the traditional laissez faire businesses culture. In their opinion the Common Law has already tackled the most important issues in contract Law. This is because it had already developed the necessary tools to allow the courts to police contracts adequately. This tools include the Law of misrepresentation, The Unfair contracts term act of 1977, duress and inequality in bargaining power. First I will start of with misrepresentation. In Mckendicks casebook misrepresentation is defined as an unambiguous, false statement of fact or law which is addressed to the party misled, which is material and which induces the contract3 So we can see that in misrepresentation the common law is already providing fairness to the involved parties, to some extent by making sure that a party doesnt argue another party into a contract by misleading them. In the case of Esso Petroleum Ltd v. Mardon [1976], which you can read up in the Mckendrick textbook, Esso offered the defendant to buy a petrol filling station which was still under construction. They also told the defendant that the throughput of the petrol station was likely to reach 200 000 gallons a year. But at the end the local authority refused planning permission for the petrol pumps to front on the main street. Instead the, station had to be built back to front with the forecourt at the back. Esso assured the defendant these changes would not affect the projected throughput of petrol. However the throughput of the petrol that year was only 78000 gallons. The defendant sues Esso for negligent misrepresentation. Now in the court Esso argued that their statement as to throughput was a statement of opinion and not a statement of fact. 4 Esso tried to use the same defence as in Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] where the court decided that the vendors statement was a statement of opinion and not a statement of fact. 5 However the problem Esso faced was that unlike the vendor in Bisset, Esso had more knowledge then the customer had who it induced into the contract. This made the statement of opinion become a fact. This is why the court decision held that Esso did mislead the consumer into the contract. Furthermore in Smith v Land and house property Corporation justice Bowen argued that we can see that the Common Law always provided fairness to the parties, in these cases to the consumers who deserve it. In Bisset the vendor didnt have greater knowledge then the consumer so the statement he made suddenly became an opinion rather than a fact. Therefore one can argue that the contract Law already provides its parties with adequate fairness so a new law wasnt needed. Similarly another doctrine which promotes fairness in common law is that of duress. Duress is when someone threats someone to induce them into a contract. In common law Duress can terminate a contract if one party is threatened by duress to person, goods and financial duress. The common law tries its best to give justice to people who didnt willingly want to enter a contract but were forced to enter one. In the case of Barton v. Armstrong. It was argued that Barton was threatened to be murdered if he wouldnt enter the contract with Armstrong. However the jury decided that because Bartons primary reason for entering the contract wasnt duress but a commercial reason, the court dismissed the appeal of Duress in the court of appeal. However Barton appealed to the Privy council where Per Lord Cross argued that it did not matter that Bartons primary motive in agreeing the deed was commercial- that he may have signed it even if the threats had not been made The case of Barton V Armstrong proves that the common law gives the courts adequate ruling power of a case. As in the previous misrepresentation case the courts were allowed to assess the situation and make their own decision. Clearly we can see that although in Barton V Armstrong Duress wasnt the main reason why Barton entered the contract but duress of person was still in place. In my opinion the court didnt just want to give fairness to Barton in this case but it also wanted to set a bench mark for people who are thinking to use duress to induce people into a contract. Another important doctrine in common law is the doctrine of Consideration. In its very essence consideration means simply something of value received by a promisor from a promisee. It can take the form of a right, interest or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other. 6 The doctrine of common law sounds very simple. However the complexity with Consideration really starts in sufficient consideration when someone is doing more then he is obliged under his legal duties. For instance in the case of Stilk v Myrick [1809] a captain promised its 9 men remaining crew the split wages of the two deserters if they would sale back with him to London. However once arrived back in London the captain refused to pay the extra money. In any normal circumstances the claimant would have received the money. However because of a just and proper policy in the case of Harris v Watson which made it clear that a sailor is not entitled to claim any extra wages, which were promised to him at a time when the ship was in danger. Therefore the court decided that the claimant were not entitled of the extra wages. The court came to this decision by looking at various facts. One was that there was no consideration for the extra work before the sailors started their journey. The sailors already agreed that they would do anything they could before the journey to make sure that the ship returns to London safely at any circumstances. However there are still some lawyers doubting the fairness given to the sailors in this case. Surely the sailors worked overtime and had to work more now then they originally planned and now they would have deserved some extra money. Some lawyers even go that far to question the doctrine of Consideration. Some as Professor Atiyah would argue for the case of Harris v Watson proves there is no coherent doctrine of consideration based on reciprocity. He states that : the truth is that the courts have never set out a doctrine of consideration. They have been concerned with the much more practical problem of deciding in the course of litigation whether a particular promise in a particular case should be enforced When the courts found a sufficient reason for enforcing a promise they enforced it;and when they found that for one reason or another is was undesirable to enforce a promise, they did not enforce it 7 All in one we can see that the Common Law pretty much tries its best to give people fairness. The fact that courts are allowed adequately to police contracts is important because in this way they can do their best to provide fairness to people using Law and a bit of good faith. However in the other hand there are also critics of the common law who believe that there need to be a set of rules, which regulates contracts and includes good faith and fairness. One argument is that the replacement of the unfair contract terms act of 1977 was necessary to be replaced by unfair terms in consumer contracts regulations 1999. The main purpose in the regulations of 1999 is to regulate the unfair terms in contract between consumer and seller. The word consumer has a different meaning in UTCCR 1999 and a different in the UCT 1977. If we look at the regulations then consumer means any natural person who, in contract covered by these Regulations, acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession. But if we look at the Unfair terms act of 1977 we will find that it doesnt exclude companies from possible consumers. A consumer here means any natural or legal person who, in contract covered by the regulations, is acting for purposes relating his trade, business or profession, whether publicly owned or privately owned. 8 One can see that the regulations of 1999 are much more protective over the consumer then the common law. Further more if you read Regulation 5 (4) The burden of proof is upon the seller or supplier to show that term has been individually negotiated. 9 The regulations are trying to remove the burden from the supplier theyre not necessarily making the Law fairer for everyone. In a direct comparison to the common Law in my opinion the common Law provided much more fairness because then the judges still had adequate ruling power and could confront the situation much better than the statute can ever do. The UCTA on the other hand is confined with clauses as the exclusion, limitation and indemnity. As mentioned before the Common Law includes some bits of good faith but still doesnt recognize a doctrine of good faith. In this way it stands out from many other states in the world. However with the help of the Regulations of 1999 the English law is becoming more aware of fairness and good faith. However some people again that although Britain never had a doctrine of Good Faith doesnt mean that it needs one now or didnt have important bits to it already. But moreover the Unfair terms in consumer contracts regulation 1999 didnt introduce a doctrine of good faith either. It was never that important before the regulations neither is it now. So one can argue that even tough we have a new law system but we still dont have a doctrine of good faith, which makes some question themselves did we really need the changes from common law to the regulations if the doctrine of good faith hasnt even become a doctrine yet. Maybe the doctrine of good faith will never play an important part in English Law. The English law was never about good faith and fairness, it always promoted a laissez faire business culture. Therefore I think that the Common Law was already in itself a very fair sets of Law which took great emphasis on good faith. The misrepresentation made sure that people werent mislead into a contract but still promoted a healthy business. The doctrine of Duress made sure that none would be forced into signing a contract by threatening them about their life, wealth or goods. Common Law always promoted healthy and fair businesses and not business deals under duress. Consideration is the very basic idea of a business You give me some equally valuable for my goods, which the common law wanted to uphold. The Common Law always tried its best to be fair by not letting people mislead, forcefully induce people to contacts. However on the other hand the regulations of 1999 want to give me more security to consumers. Especially after it includes companies as well to consumers.

Catchment Health and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Catchment Health and Management - Essay Example These concerns and conflicts gradually led community leaders to recognize the need for integrated catchment management (ICM), which is the planning and management of a river or groundwater catchment's natural resources to achieve sustainable use for social and economic development. 1. Give an example of a sequence of events relevant to catchment management that conform with a complete Adaptive Cycle. Describe the sequence in terms of the three properties or dimensions of the Cycle. The development of catchment-scale stream rehabilitation programmes in many parts of the world marks a shift from the application of reach-based engineering principles towards an adoption of ecosystem-centred, adaptive and participatory approaches to river management. From a biophysical viewpoint, this represents recognition of the importance of the inherent geodiversity of aquatic ecosystems and the benefits that are gained through enhancing natural recovery mechanisms. As this approach to river management matures, it is important that its key elements and assumptions are subjected to critical appraisal. In this paper, the main features of contemporary catchment-wide programmes are examined through a review of pertinent literature and through examination of various case studies from North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Emerging challenges and tensions include those of generating an authentic and functional biophysical vision at the catchment scale, of developing a proactive a daptive management approach, of achieving genuine community participation and of integrating biophysical and social factors in a transdisciplinary framework. Issues of scale, natural variability and complexity must be addressed in meeting these challenges. The effects of a non-station ary climate on a water management system in the Warta River Catchment in Central Poland which already suffers from seasonal water deficits are exam ined in this paper. To determine a range of possible implications of global change on the region of interest, two scenarios were selected for the study: the warm-dry scenario predicted by the GFDL model, and warm scenario obtained from the GISS model. It is shown that the basin's water supply and demand are both sensitive and vulnerable to clim atic changes. Possible adaptation options to cope with further degradation of domestic, industrial and agricultural water supplies are recommended. 2. There is increasing pressure to restore disturbed areas to aesthetically-pleasing and functional ecosystems. Although the former objective may be relatively easily met, the second is not so simple. Outline some of the complexities that the rehabilitation officer might encounter when trying to restore a disturbed area to a fully-functioning ecosystem. The effects associated with land-use change are multiple and have an impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems over continental, regional and local scales. Separating and ascribing a particular effect to any individual causal factor is difficult as it requires consideration not only of geographical scale but also the historical aspect of the land-use change. Increasingly, government

Journal 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal 11 - Assignment Example ed as a scene of quietness come while it rains, the book describes Anna and the narrator caring for each other based on the way she sleeps at her feet and the kiss she gets on her lips and forehead as well as playing with her fine golden hair. The new thing they claim to have discovered is the new America, the America they expect to have after the ancient time, they were very happy to think of seeing the beautiful America, this can be shown in the play as they both shout loudly and laughing as they walked in the street. The narrator goes ahead and describes how in the past there were ships ferrying people from one corner of America to Europe and to other parts of America, this shows the love and wish that he has for America in the new world. This is cited from the play where it is written â€Å"a profusion of memories rise up in him, and how he once saw large ships with advertising billboard and having stepped nearer read: from Liverpool to New York-from Bremen to New York.† The narrator introduces Columbus in the story as one person who was not aware of if he was among the people who discovered America. (Spack &Ruth, P.157). He portrays Columbus as a poor in ideas, this cited from the story when the narrator write, â€Å"I was unable to imagine Columbus standing with a sorrowful glance at the coast of his discovered world, putting on his top hat and shaking his head disappointedly†. Columbus was treated as a hero, but little did the world know that America had existed before. The narrators concludes the story by describing the type of America he wishes to have but not the one claimed to be discovered by Columbus, he goes ahead and state that â€Å" I’m in the wrong America and perhaps dreaming about the sweet, fragrant America of time. And that has passed for several years† he thinks that something has ultimately gone wrong somewhere and needs to get it corrected but not aware how that he could correct that. It is cited in the narration when he writes, â€Å"a pain