The Grapes of Wrath Chapters 8, 16, 30 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Grapes of Wrath Essay Did you like this example? The Grapes of Wrath, Chapter 8: Meeting the Joads Summary Tom and Casy make their way to Uncle John’s and meet Tom’s family. They encounter Pa, Ma, Grampa, Granma, Noah, and Al. At breakfast, Pa tells Tom that his two younger siblings Ruthie and Winfield, his other sister Rose of Sharon, and Connie, Rose of Sharon’s husband, are in town with Uncle John. â€Å"‘But when they’re all working together, not one fella for another fella, but one fella kind of harnessed to the whole shebang—thats right, thats holy’† (Steinbeck 84-85). Casy states this quote as the grace before breakfast. Casy explains that when people work together, it’s the right thing, or in his words, â€Å"holy.† This quote develops one of the few themes seen throughout the novel, that the power of family and working together. Chapter eight is the first chapter where the Joad family is together, with some exceptions such as Uncle John, Rose of Sharon, etc. So the quote falls in the idea of the chapter, family. The whole family plans to travel together to California and work as a family. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Grapes of Wrath: Chapters 8, 16, 30" essay for you Create order Ma Joad: â€Å"‘Tommy, don’t you go fightin’ ‘em alone. They’ll hunt you down like a coyote’† (Steinbeck 79). In this quote, she makes sure that no person goes alone and her care for her family shows in this chapter. She worries about Tom when she sees him and worries that he may have gotten hurt. The word â€Å"alone† is the opposite of her character and her purpose in the novel. Throughout the novel, Ma Joad is determined about keeping her family together in their journey to California. Even through hard circumstances, such as Granma’s death, she makes sure that her family is strong enough to push through. Symbols Rose of Sharon’s pregnancy is a striking symbol in chapter eight. Even though it is not very explained thoroughly in the chapter or physically shown, it is mentioned by Pa Joad at breakfast. Her pregnancy symbolises a new beginning, as in a new start for the Joad family. The family will leave behind their old ways in their farm and start a new life in California. The Grapes of Wrath, Chapter 16: The Joads’ Worries Summary On their third day of traveling with the Wilsons, the Wilsons’ car breaks down. Tom and Al go into town to find parts to repair the car and talks to the attendant. At the camp, a man tells Pa that there’s no work in California and this worries Pa. â€Å"‘We don’t want you to go ‘way from us,’ she said. ‘It ain’t good for folks to break up’† (Steinbeck 173). When Rose of Sharon announces that she and Connie plans to go to town and leave the family, Ma Joad worries about the idea of splitting the family and is reluctant. She determines to keep her family together under all circumstances. This is her role in this novel and her role is emphasized numerous times in the novel. Symbols The highway to California is a symbol not only in chapter sixteen, but throughout the novel. It symbolizes home and also danger. In the journey to California, the highway becomes the home to the dozen of families looking to travel west. But the highway can also be a symbol of danger. In the journey, the Joads face many dangers. The highway is a constant place of roadkill, such as the rabbit, and in chapter 16, the Wilsons’ car breaks down on the road. So the highway to California can symbolize both home, a positive connotation, and danger, a negative connotation. The Grapes of Wrath, Chapter 30: Symbols In chapter 30, there are two symbols that are present. First is the symbolism of the flood. The flood symbolizes the great number of people that are â€Å"flooding† to California in order to find work. The substantial number of people moving to California for work is shown throughout the novel, especially in the camps. This vast amount of workers and those looking for work allowed the employers to lower wages in order to pay less. The landowners have a process where the workers are treated poorly and do not earn enough to live. Those who looked for work are moved around camps, such as Hooverville, where the conditions are unclean and inhumane. All of these actions advanced the theme of inhumanity, people taking advantage of those who are less privileged than they are. The second symbol that is present is Rose of Sharon’s delivery of a stillborn baby. When Uncle John is tasked to bury the baby, he instead puts the box and guides it gently down the stream. This action advances the theme of hope. Rose of Sharon’s baby being carried down the stream symbolizes when Moses was carried down gently as a baby in the Nile River in the Book of Exodus in the Bible. This symbolism puts forward that the Joad family will be freed from their difficulties, just as Moses freed the Hebrews in Egypt from their difficulties. After Rose of Sharon’s delivery of a stillborn baby, instead of losing hope, the family perseveres through and moves forward along their journey. This action shows a sliver of hope. The family moving forward advances the theme of hope and perseverance.

William Faulkners Barn Burning An Indicative of...

There are several ways in which William Faulkners short story Barn Burning is indicative of literary modernism. It depicts a relevant historical period and is part of the frontiersman literary tradition (Gleeson-White, 2009, p. 389). The author utilizes a number of purely literary approaches that were innovative for the time period in which the tale was originally published (in 1932), such as employing a young child as a narrator complete with misspelled words and broken, puerile thoughts. However, the most eminent way in which this story embraces the tradition of literary modernism is in the authors rendition of dynamic social conventions that were in a state of flux at the time of the writing. Specifically, his treatment of race is the inverse of how race is generally portrayed in American literature prior to the early part of the 20th century. An analysis of this integral component of Barn Burning reveals that Faulkners unconventional rendering of African American characters in a desirable social status particularly as compared to that of the Snopes clan is crucial to this tales inclusion as part of the tradition of literary modernism. In the majority of American literature that was written prior to the advance of the 20th century, African Americans were either depicted as slaves or servants and were certainly relegated to the nadir of society. Virtually the only time their characters were given any form of substantial development was in slave narratives orShow MoreRelated Words and Images in Faulkners As I Lay Dying Essay3612 Words   |  15 PagesWords and Images in Faulkners As I Lay Dying Maybe I will end up in some kind of self-communion -- a silence -- faced with the certainty that I can no longer be understood. The artist must create his own language. This is not only his right but his duty. ----------- William Faulkner Virginia Woolf observes that painting and writing have much to tell each other; they have much in common. The novelist after all wants to make us to see (22). Indeed, many movements in the visual arts during

America and the world in the years to come Free Essays

Alternate fuels refer to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or nuclear fusion. Sustainable energy strategies are essential at this point if there has to be a security in energy supply for America and the world in the years to come. This is compounded by the fact that every effort is being made to reduce the greenhouse effect. We will write a custom essay sample on America and the world in the years to come or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fossil fuels are becoming and will continue to be less favourable as advance in the 21st century (Wells 2005) Growing technology in alternate fuels includes alternate fuel vehicles, fuel cells. Much of the efforts in â€Å"clean energy† have focused on hydrogen applications in the transportation sector. Stationary power and electricity has attracted little focus, or even a combination of the two (Lipman and Brooks 2006) United States is ready for the use of alternate fuels as energy sources. The call for America now is working towards an energy security ensuring a sustainable future in energy needs. The needs for energy and power in the time come forecasted to keep growing (Holilian and Mayes 2003) America and all developed and developing nations need now more than ever before to ensure and secure their freedom from overseas oil dependence. Measures to get there should take an all-out, no bounds approach as the faster we get there the better for the country. Millions of US dollars will be saved by reducing petroleum imports to the country. The economy will also be strengthened (Jim Wells 2005). Countries like Brazil are already able to fuel nearly seventy percent (70%) of their vehicles in the country with ethanol, replacing oil as the primary fuel. That means that it is indeed possible to achieve freedom from foreign oil dependence. Nations all over the world are running for the same energy resources. With tensions in Iraq, Iran and Venezuela growing, accelerated by the equally growing demand for fossil oils, the strain cannot be trusted. Oil prices have been too unstable, hitting records highs per barrel in the recent past. Due to this factor, America can not help but be ready for alternate fuel sources or else it might have a hard time fuelling its economy in the near future. America is also ready for alternate fuel because the technology for utilization of alternate sources already exists. Whether it is fuel cells, or ethanol production plants or solar panels in different specifications, or wind mills of various sizes or even cars meeting specifications for use of alternate fuels, all these and various other technologies beg to be exploited maximally in order to achieve energy efficiently general motors alone has built more than 1. 5 million ethanol compliant vehicles (Giney Lee, Holilian and Mayes 2003) America is ready because, use of alternate sources means a better economy and employment opportunities for the American people. Exploiting use of alternate energy sources means the products produced locally gain added value. Businesses in the energy sector get to do more business. Expatriates in renewable energy get to do more. Research and development efforts by the department of energy get more engaged and provide more energy solutions. The rural America gets cheaper energy sources. In essence it is a plus for the economy. Finally, America is ready because, the world trend is moving towards a cleaner, greener environment. Insisting on use of fossil fuels provide no opportunities for the reduction of the green-house effort (Gordon 2001 . Use of alternate fuel sources means a cleaner environment, reduced carbon emissions and less toxic waste in our environment. A look at the various optious available for the US economy is inorder. Petrol, diesel and natural gas engines can be replaced by hydrogen-fuel cells. Hydrogen energy stations or power parks are becoming a consistent development within the United States. These energy stations would use fuel cells for electricity. Production by a stream of pure hydrogen (Lipman and Brooks 2006) Normally hydrogen is simply delivered or produced at a station using a fuel â€Å"reformer†, then compressed and supplied. Energy stations have the advantage that they can combine integrated systems for electricity production such that there is some for use within the precincts or supplies to the local grid, it can use any â€Å"waste-heat† for warming or cooling the building and use the purified hydrogen to fuel cars. There is potential for the growth of hydrogen as an alternative source. Various states are developing and others already finished their plans for the hydrogen revolution. State plans have completed in California, Ohio, New York, Florida, Massachusetts and Connectient are in their planning stages. Incorporating hydrogen stations into these plans would help to get there faster. Opportunities exist too for fleet based agreements with the state authorities such that hydrogen stations become feasible projects. There is potential in both private and public investment in hydrogen energy. Ethanol can be blended directly in petrol. Blends of up to 20% can be done without engine modifications. Dependant on the ethanol quality, ethanol blended diesels fuels need the use of emulsifiers and stabilizers. Ethanol is easily guaranteed from corn or even other grains like sorghum or other biomass like corn cobs, cornstalks, wheat, straw, rice straw, switch grass, vegetable and forestry waste. It is very ideal as a gasoline mixture for its ability to increase the near-complete combustion of gasoline, which means it is environmentally friendly. It can be produced in large quantities and of course its capital outlay is quite reasonable, it ends up benefiting the corn and other grain farmers by giving them right value for their product. Especially in rural America, ethanol is fast becoming highly demanded fuel. With a higher demand, has come also a high production. More plants are coming up and existing ones expanding capacity. Some farmers have together to put up ethanol production plants too. Ethanol has attracted investment from quarters like Bill Gates of Microsoft, Sir Richard Branson of the virgin Atlantic group, Vinold Khosla of the Silicon Valley wal-mart stores and also Shell and Exxon Mobil. This is bound to have a positive impact on the ethanol industry in the US. Wind energy is another available alternate energy source. It is clean and hence very attractive as an environmental friendly source of energy. The department of energy has increasingly invested in wind-generated power. In 2005, America improved its wind capacity more any other single nation in the world, bringing its overall national wind energy capacity to 9,149 megawatts. In the year that followed 2,454 megawatts of power were added totaling to a capacity of 11,603 megawatts. With initiatives like â€Å"wind powering America† the use of wind as an alternate wind source is bound to keep growing. Solar energy is another alternative and renewable source of energy. Also clean and it can be defined as heat or electricity from the sun when it hits a solar cell, when it hits an absorber surface and gives heat energy, when it hits a solar sail in a space craft, causing motion, when it hits a light causing it to rotate or when carried through fibre optic cables to give lighting in a building. Wave and fidal power are also used at the ocean frouts. Waves yield more energy than tides. America is yet to seriously experiment with this kind of energy source. Another biofuel that is available is the use of biogas that uses biomass from cows. It is still relatively used in small areas in America unlike countries like Sweden and Finland which 17% and 19% of their demand with biofuels. Looking at the various alternatives available to us, it appears like hydrogen would be the best for the reasons that it offers a unique combination of electricity generation, thermal energy and hydrogen production within an energy station (Lipman and Brooks). This co-generation ability means a much higher efficiently in energy conversion. Eventually that means lowered fuel costs, improved economics and increased energy security. The energy stations, due ability in different designs have various functional and economic trade-offs. How and medium temperature fuel cell design come in three varieties. The proton exchange membrane alkaline (PEM), and the phosphonic acid one. Current estimates for all three ranges from two thousand five hundred ($2, 5000) dollars to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatt of energy. The high temperature fuel cell design comes in two varieties namely molten carbon and solid oxide. Current estimates for the same are three thousand dollars ($3,000) to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatts. The hydrogen engine generation set which features a generator estimates currently at about three thousand dollars ($3,000) per kilowatt. Future estimates for the low and medium temperature fuel cell design oscillate between two thousand and fifty dollars to one thousand five hundred dollars ($250-$ 1, 5000) per kilowatt of energy. The high temperature fuel cell design future estimates for molten carbon and solid oxide averages two hundred and fifty dollars to one thousand dollars ($250-1, 000) per kilowatt. The hydrogen engine generator set’s estimate for the future is five hundred dollars ($500) per kilowatt (Lipman and Brooks 2006). The costs refer to the initial capital costs to enable an energy station to start operations. The costs associated will of course vary in solve areas depending on availability of facilities and the operating and maintenance costs. Economically the stations end up as more attractive options than sets that are dedicated entirely as hydrogen refueling systems. The transportation department seems to have a critical role in all this. It is by default, that the transport sector consumes the bulk of the fuel. Transport has a critical role to play in fictionalizing all sectors. Due to this factor, it is possible to use the transport department in organizations, government agencies and commercial fleets as change agents in introducing the new fuels. The use of hydrogen cells for example, require a considerably big fleet to make it commercially viable (Lipman and Brooks 2006) State projects could enter into memorandum of understanding with shuttle fleets and pools of cars owned jointly to have, them as stakeholders in implementation of energy blue prints. Beginning from here, the change can then spread to other people within the society. It is imperative for the federal government and individual state government to focus on the introduction of sustainace and development use of alternate energy source if America has to remain able to supply its energy needs in the long run. Hydrogen and ethanol are all attractive options for the America economy and further research and development efforts need to be initiated. Funding is also necessary as well as building cooperation between public and private sectors. The states should be ready to offer funding, information and other incentives to take stakeholders to attract investment. In the face of all this, regulatory mechanisms are crucial to ensure that the public actually benefit from the emerging technologies. References Jeffrey M Gordon 2001 solar energy: issues position papers James and James/Earthscan. Pp. 23-56. Lipman E Timothy and Brooks Cameron 2006: hydrogen energy statious: poly-production of electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy pp 5-23 Jim Wells 2005. University of California. Meeting energy demand in the 21st century many challenges and key questions: testimony before the subcommittee on energy and resource, committee on government reform, House of Representatives. Diane publishing Louise Gieny-lee, Peter Holilian and Fred Mayer. Renewable energy annual 2002 with preliminary data fro 2002 – 2003. Diane publishers’ pp 13-20 How to cite America and the world in the years to come, Papers

Role of Individual Communication and Complain

Introduction A number of states are faced with the challenge of balancing state sovereignty with human rights since they are incompatible in practice meaning it is a global issue that many societies face, but the best way of addressing it is still unclear, as state and non-state actors are yet to come up with a comprehensive solution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Individual Communication and Complain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the Second World War, Universal Declaration on Human Rights was ratified with the main purpose of fulfilling the interests of the minorities and checking the excesses of governments, as the world had witnessed the most horrifying situation whereby many people lost their lives and quite a number was physically and psychological tortured (Roth 2004, p. 65). Currently, the actions of various state and non-state actors amount to gross violation of human rights. Events, su ch as racial hatred, media suppression, distortion, and bias are rampant in various parts of the world, yet they are instances of human rights violations. The global society is concerned with how the situation could be improved. The United Nations Human Rights Council is an international organization charged with the role of ensuring individuals enjoy their rights and freedoms. However, various studies indicate that the body is impotent given its inability to prevent governments and belligerent actors from taking people through inhuman conditions (Smith Pagnucco 1998, p. 380). Apart from the United Nations agency, several human rights organizations operating regionally exist, but they lack the capacity to handle the situation leading to continued suffering. In this article, it is argued that the UN and other regional human rights organizations have failed to carry out their mandates.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main reason for failure is the structure, which does not support the leadership style that characterizes human rights organizations. It is suggested that the situation could be improved through facilitating individual communication and reporting of complaints. An Overview Some people sacrifice their lives to fight for democracy in many parts of the world. It is unfortunate that such individuals end up living miserable lives because of inadequate measures to support their activities. In developed countries, minorities are faced with the major challenge of racism given the fact their culture is never appreciated and they are always urged to join the mainstream society. In fact, racism is a tool of discrimination and domination that is employed effectively to subjugate a section of society (Meyer 1996, p. 372). Women are considered a special group. However, studies show that they have never enjoyed their freedoms and rights since time immemorial. Based on this, it is noted that the major challenge to their survival is a rigid social structure, defective culture, and male chauvinism. A few years ago, world leaders from various states ratified a treaty that would see the protection of the rights of women. Surprisingly, the situation is still the same since women face traditional problems, especially in the educational system and the labor market. For instance, studies prove that women work for longer hours as compared to men although they end up receiving minimal wages. Indigenous communities are rarely protected from the emerging Multinational Corporations that influence national governments to institute unfavorable land reforms, which end up interfering with the lives of the locals. Mining companies are known to support evacuation programs to pave way for exploration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Individual Communication and Complain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process is always done in an inhumane way leading to conflicts (Shelton Wright-Carozza 2013, p. 54). A recent study sponsored by the human rights organizations has revealed that the aboriginals in various parts of the world, such as Canada and Australia, are the most disadvantaged people in the world. Records show further that the discriminated aboriginals are close to three-hundred and seventy million spanning over seventy countries (Shestack 2014, p. 10). Large conglomerates have enormous economic and political power. The UN, as well as other regional human rights organizations, is unwilling to engage them in talks to end inhuman conditions because of their enormous influence (Megret 2008, p. 510). These companies always participate in activities that could not be sustained in development, which ends up in damaging the environment leading to global warming. Additionally, in both developed and developing countries, multinational companies lo bby the government to enter into unfavorable trade agreements that make life difficult for the locals, but the UN does not have mechanisms to challenge this behavior. In countries depending on agriculture and production as the major economic pillars, child labor has always been an issue of concern. Unfortunately, the UN simply gives a report and expects other agencies to act meaning it does not have the power to deal with the problem. After the 9/11 attack, the US and other powerful countries have been interfering with the lives of people with claims that they are trying to prevent terrorism (Lindgre 2000, p. 486).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the US established an entire department named homeland defense to monitor the situation and advise the government accordingly on issues related to terrorism. In June 2013, wiki leaks revealed critical information and it was evident that the US government has been spying on individuals without their knowledge. The whistle-blower, Edward Snowden, confirmed that the US is one of the threats to individual rights and freedoms, as it engages in unethical and unprofessional behavior, such as intercepting emails, phone calls, and other forms of the internet communication. This shows that the UN and other regional human rights bodies are impotent since they know the problems that people face, but they lack strategies on how to deal with insincere actors, such as the US. The human rights organizations are impotent given the fact they lack the power to act unilaterally or multilaterally meaning creation of a new system based on individual communication and complaints would be hel pful in resolving the soaring cases of human rights violations (Weissbrodt 2006, p. 150). Without adequate communication and reporting of these injustices, the global society would not achieve the much-needed objectives related to gender equality, environmental conservation, democracy, and lasting peace. Status of the United Nations Human Rights Council and other Regional Organizations Failures of the UNHC Just as the United Nations Humans Rights Council, the regional human rights bodies face similar challenges that are mainly the result of the defective structure. The UN human rights body was established during the Bush administration and the US kept off from the leadership of the body because the majority members in the UN General Assembly would control it. The new body is not any different from the defunct commission on human rights that had failed to control the rogue states from committing the worst crimes in the human history (Tobin 2010, p. 47). The current structure of the o rganization allows the notorious human rights abusers to manipulate the system since Burma, Syria, Libya, China, Cuba, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Saudi Arabia are strong members, something that the US is opposed to. Unfortunately, North Korea, which is one of the rogue states in the current international system, endorsed the organization upon its inception meaning it never poses any threat to its national interests. The new council is in fact expected to perform dismally just as the previous one. The US tried vehemently to reform the non-operational human rights commission without much success something that allowed the opponents of human rights to carry the day in the general assembly. First, the council lacks criteria for membership inclusion since those seeking ascension would be admitted through a simple majority vote (Weissbrodt 2010, p. 16). Additionally, each state is allowed to request for membership without necessarily showing any progress as far as human rights violation is conc erned. Even though the proponents of human rights, such as the US, the UK, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, and Spain would be interested in blocking the membership of rogue states, they would not have sufficient votes to influence the results. One of the resolutions of the council calls on members to review the conduct of one of the partners suspected to be going against the rules. Unfortunately, this evaluation does not have any effect on the membership status of any state meaning it is irrelevant. A state found to have violated the human rights would not be censured, as any suspension or expulsion is only supported by a two-third majority vote in the general assembly (Arsalan 2006, p. 260). In 2005, at least fifty percent of members voted to stop the membership of Sudan. However, this was not sufficient to confirm that the state was guilty of human rights violations. The commission on human rights had fifty-three members and the current one has forty-seven meaning the reduced number was insignificant to facilitate efficiency, something that continues to affect the quality of decisions made. Instead of aiming at strengthening the body by encouraging participative membership, the council was formed with the major objective of shifting the balance of power from the West to the Asia, Africa, and South America. Consequently, the Asian and African states dominate the council with a total vote of fifty-five percent. With time, the number of western countries in the council has been in the decline while African and Asian countries are being represented in large numbers, which is an issue of concern given the fact that the states are known for violating individual rights and freedoms (Ruggie 2007, p. 47). The western countries are believed to uphold individual rights since they are democratic states and the quality of decisions they are expected to make would favor representation and survival. The council has the power to call for special sessions, but only a one-third vote would grant this meaning the western countries would be less represented and what will be discussed in the meeting will be irrelevant, as far as respect for human rights is concerned. The idea of following up goals and commitments as suggested by the UN conferences and summits is uncalled since it lacks the support of the majority of powerful states, as well as legal standings. Lastly, the council resolution tends to erode a well-established standard of freedom of speech since a clause was sneaked in at the last minute following the cartoon affair in Denmark (Voeten 2008, p. 423). Weaknesses of Regional Human Rights Organizations Regional human rights organizations in various continents differ significantly pertaining to their history, structure, and objectives. The only similarity is that they lack the capacity to promote human rights, as they do not have sufficient instruments. A number of these organizations are created to respond to the legal issues meaning they are a resul t of the local law societies even though some are simply bar associations. Those originating from religious organizations tend to be strong in engaging the government in dialogue to provide an enabling environment for individual fulfillment even though their scope is limited. One of the greatest weaknesses of local and regional human rights organizations is the lack of coordination and collaboration. Each organization wishes to operate independently making it difficult to realize the main goals. Studies show that the human rights organizations operating in Africa, South America, and Asia are more of a dream rather than reality, as their members rarely contact each other, exchange ideas, or materials (Lauren 2011, p. 57). Insufficient articulation of ideas and resources among these entities is a threat to the provision of individual privileges since states have always explored this opportunity to weaken them further (Steiner Goodman 2008, p. 38). Such organizations fail to consult e xtensively before devising policies, yet they could be better off if they coordinate with other segments of society, such as the media and the legal fraternity, which are known to champion for human rights. In Africa, the demands of francophone human rights groups are different from those of the Anglophone and this has made it difficult to achieve the desired results. In West African region, a strong human rights organization referred to as the Inter-African Union for Human Rights based in Burkina Faso, exists but its major weakness is political and personal differences among its members. The organizations fighting for the rights of the underprivileged in society have unclear goals and objectives since they are spread too thinly, yet there are many the human rights issues facing individuals. While some are established based on the ideas of pan-Africanism, the reality is that they operate in their state borders with limited operational methods that are inapplicable elsewhere. The org anizations lack planning structures to an extent that the decisions they formulate are reactionary in nature (Reif 2004, p. 113). For these organizations to improve they have to conceptualize and execute educational programs, as this would allow sustainability of programs instead of trying to claim they are relevant in society yet the results are negative. The human rights groups in Africa, Asia, and South America are focused on political rights, such as the freedom of expression, association, political participation, and the right of protection from the law whereby detention is made in the proper way and the conditions leading to torture are eliminated. This means those engaged in the fight for human rights are lawyers, journalists, and other professionals, as the governments always infringe on their rights (Mutua 2009, p. 28). The human rights organizations could only improve if they extend their mandate to include a fight for economic and social rights. Unfortunately, the organiz ations depend on donors for funding while studies show western governments are reluctant to finance organizations focusing on economic and social rights. As mentioned earlier, the organizations do not have proper coordination and collaboration mechanisms leading to duplication and overlapping of roles. In the industrialized states, the human organizations are faced with the major predicament of urban-rural division since majorities of the groups conduct their activities in municipalities and metropolis, particularly in the capital cities, yet many people are found in the rural areas. Research shows further that the city life has its own dynamics and it does not represent the views of those living in the rural areas. The human rights groups have attempted to establish branches to resolve this issue, but still poor communication from the center affect the operations leading to underperformance. However, the human rights groups linked to the modern religions have succeeded in achieving the common goal since they have a readymade structure nationally (Calnan 2008, p. 65). In South Africa, the United States, and other countries suffering from racism and ethnic conflicts, social divisions have been a big issue, as far as realization of the goal and the set objective is concerned since the white race utilizes the political power granted to it to subjugate the rest of the races leading to additional tensions. The performance of such regional groups would be strengthened by involving the minorities in the leadership structures. In some cases, human rights groups are viewed as representing the ideas of a certain dominant ethnic group, particularly when the human rights issue at hand is violence (Bob 2009, p. 76). A majority of human rights organizations in various regions are one-man show meaning they lack internal democratic structures whereby attorneys, researchers, and journalists, are given an opportunity to participate. This might be occasioned by funding issues, w hich allows the head of the organization to dominate the decision-making process. Another problem is gender imbalance whereby women are not given sufficient positions in the organization. It is surprising to note that men control even those organizations dedicated to solving feminine problems. Because of poor structural organization and ineffectiveness in policy formulation, the organizations suffer from funding, which makes them underperform (Bayefsky 2002, p. 17). Only those organizations affiliated to churches and the international organizations have stable funding, but most of them have been forced to shut down their operations because of funding issues. The regional human rights bodies have poor relations with global organizations that are known to support human rights organizations. System of Individual Communication and Complaints The United Nations council in charge of human rights and other regional human rights bodies could improve their performance through a system of ind ividual communication and complaints. Through the new system, individuals would be given an opportunity to protest directly regarding the violation of their rights, which would go a long way in bringing out the real meaning of the rights as contained in the various treaties (Ochoa 2013, p. 71). First, individuals should be familiar with the procedure of problem escalation whereby the offices concerned with the preservation of individual rights should set reporting desks that will facilitate inquiries. Through this, individuals will be in a position to communicate easily with the agencies and if the problem is complex, the neighboring state will have the chance of intervening in what is referred to as state-to-state complaints. In the current system, nine treaties exist, which facilitate individual communication. Each of the treaties has a monitoring body that is concerned with ensuring the law is followed in carrying out key state functions. The Human Rights Committee is one of the treaties that take into consideration individual complaints whenever the international law is broken. The committee is mainly concerned with the provision of political and civil rights. If a candidate feels that his or her political rights have been denied in society and the state organs are unable to resolve them, he or she should feel free to seek guidance from the committee. The committee will move in to analyze the situation and in case the political process is inconsistent with the national and international law, action will be taken against the state or its actors. This plays a critical role in resolving political problems that always result in mass killings and forceful transfer of populations through ethnic wars (MacFarlane Khong 2007, p. 32). The committee on the elimination of discrimination against women (CEDEW) is another treaty that was formulated to protect the interests of women in society and it mainly accepts individual complaints from the affected members. The com mittee bases its authority on the previous treaty that bars all forms of discriminations directed towards women. The committee against torture is commended for the work it does to eliminate all forms of cruelty, degrading mistreatment, and unnecessary punishment (Normand Zaidi 2008, p. 90). Recently, states has employed unwanted methods of information extraction, such as torture, which is applicable even in developed countries. Since individuals are taken through pain, they might end up admitting doing something while in reality they are innocent. Under such circumstances, the individual has to be given an opportunity to report directly to the committee for proper action to be taken. Again, people living with disabilities suffer a lot when it comes to interacting with other members of society because they are not provided with adequate facilities to ease their movement. In many societies, such members are instructed to accept their conditions, but the case is different internationa lly because they have to be provided with all necessary equipments to help them interact and interrelate freely. Since the groups might not have the ability to fight for their rights, they must be given an opportunity to report directly to the existing human rights organizations for their cases to be heard and resolved. Either the affected individuals or their legal representatives might launch complaints. If one state violates the existing treaties on human rights, the international law allows other states to launch complaints with the human rights groups, including the one under the United Nations. Some states are known to extend their aggression to peaceful states demanding for things that do not belong to them. For instance, some might want to alter the boundaries with claims that the land belonged to them traditionally, which might lead to wars and armed conflicts (United Nations 2008, p. 110). Border conflicts are better handled through peaceful negotiations instead of engagin g in war. However, some states have never considered utilizing this option. Therefore, the peaceful state is allowed to raise complain with the world body in charge of human rights, which will go on to initiate a peaceful process of conflict resolution (Hitchens 2001, p. 110). Conclusion The United Nations and several regional bodies are doing everything under their control to prevent states and other global actors from violating the human rights. However, they have failed to execute their mandates because of poor systems of operation that do not support reporting of problems and clear communication. It is noted that the UN council on human rights is as ineffective as its predecessor and only a clear communication and complain reporting system could improve the situation. Regional human rights organizations are trying to protect people, but their focus is narrow and this would not resolve all problems. In fact, without a clear communication and complaint reporting, the entire proces s of defending the rights of people is impotent. List of References Arsalan, M 2006, â€Å"Detainee Treatment Act of 2005† Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 19, no. 6, pp 257-265. Bayefsky, A 2002, How to complain to the UN human rights treaty system, Kluwer Law International, The Hague. Bob, C 2009, The international struggle for new human rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Calnan, S 2008, The effectiveness of domestic human rights NGOs: A comparative study, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden. Hitchens, C 2001, the Trial of Henry Kissinger, Verso, London. Lauren, PG 2011, The evolution of international human rights: Visions seen, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Lindgre, AJ 2000, â€Å"The Declaration of Human Rights in Post modernity,† Human Right Quarterly, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp 478-500. MacFarlane, SN Khong, YF 2007, Human security and the UN: A critical history, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Megret, F 2008, â€Å"The D isabilities Convention: Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities or Disability Rights?† Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 30, no. 2, pp 494-516. Meyer, W 1996, Human Rights, and MNCs: Theory versus Quantitative Analysis,† Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 18, no. 2, pp 368-397. Mutua, M 2009, Human rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and normative tensions, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Normand, R Zaidi, S 2008, Human rights at the UN: The political history of universal justice, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Ochoa, JC 2013, The rights of victims in criminal justice proceedings for serious human rights violations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden. Reif, LC 2004, The ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Nijhoff, Leiden. Roth, K 2004, â€Å"Defending Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Practical Issues Faced by an International Human Rights Organization†, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 63-73. Ru ggie, JG 2007, â€Å"Current developments, business and human rights: the evolving international agenda,† Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 101, no. 4, pp 44-56. Shelton, D Wright-Carozza, 2013, Regional protection of human rights, Oxford University Press, New York. Shestack, JJ 2014, Philosophical foundations of human right, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Smith, J Pagnucco, R 1998, â€Å"Globalizing human rights: the work of transnational human rights NGOs in the 1990,† Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 20, no. 2, pp 379-412. Steiner, HJ, Alston, P Goodman, R 2008, International human rights in context: Law, politics, morals: text and materials, Oxford University Press Oxford, Oxford University Press. Tobin, JW 2010, â€Å"Seeking to Persuade: A Constructive Approach to Human Rights Treaty Interpretation,† Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 23, no. 5, pp 35-89. United Nations 2008, Selected decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol: V olume 9: 85th to 91st sessions (October 2005-October 2007, United Nations, New York. Voeten, E 2008, â€Å"The Impartiality of International Judges: Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights,† American Political Science Review, Vol. 102, no. 4, pp 417-433. Weissbrodt, D 2006, â€Å"Extraordinary Rendition: A Human Rights Analysis,† Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp 123-160. Weissbrodt, D 2010, â€Å"The Role of the Committee on the Rights of the Child in Interpreting and Developing Humanitarian Law,† Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 24, no. 1, pp 10-41. This essay on Role of Individual Communication and Complain was written and submitted by user Sterling Wallace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essays

Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essays Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essay Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essay Essay Topic: Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen wrote the well-known novel entitled Pride and Prejudice, which deals with the themes of reputation, love, class and of course pride and prejudice. However the main subject is marriage In a greedy society, where sometimes it only meant to just climb the social ladder. The novel shows its difficulties to be faced by any eligible female in pursuit ot a husband. It not married it could have been frowned upon and lane Austen used the relationships of the characters to accurately show the readers the convention of marriage. It is a truth universally acknowledged. the single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in a want of a wife (page 5) The very first sentence of Pride and Prejudice highlights the absolute importance of marriage in the early century. The sentence expresses the purpose for marriage, as it dealt nothing with love It was strictly to increase the characters social and financial status. Rather it provoked the feelings in the minds of the readers that the purpose of marriage was to create security for them finding a suitable marriage mate for the emale characters became the sole focus of their lives. Through Jane Austens writings the relationships between Wickham, Lydia, Mr and Mrs Bennet and Jane and Darcy, showed examples of the different types of marriages that you could still find today. The worst of these marriages is of course of Lydia and Wickham. Austen uses this relationship to show the outcome of relationships when it was based on youthful ignorance and physical attraction. Lydia is naive and attractive, where she is completely oblivious on how Wickham really feels about her. This type of marriage you can already see the outcome, with the help of Austens writing, without stating that Wickham isnt the loyal husband that Lydia believes he is. Neither character felt true love for one another and as a result both characters will appear somewhat miserable in their married life in the future. The marriage between Mr and Mrs Bennet show the example of Insanity, which can erupt between two people that have been wed for the incorrect reasons. Mr Bennet has a very witty sense of humor and often teases his wife. This is the only enjoyment e gains trom Mrs Bennet Mr Bennet marries, on what Austen beliefs to be, false grounds. Mr Bennet decision on marrying Mrs Bennet was seduced by her good looks and youth and this effect of this Is that Mr Benner isolates himself from his family finding refuge through mocking his oblivious wife. This becomes his only happiness. Finally, the marriage between the maln character Elizabeth and Mr Darcy gives a happy marriage. The relationship first begins with Mr Darcys opinion of Elizabeth she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me (page 13). Mr Darcy was not first attracted by Elizabeth and yet her personality as he started know and later admits In Vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. (Page 157). Mr Darcy feelings grow to become so in love with Elizabeth that he wishes being with her forever. This proves the he didnt marry her not just for wealth, reputation, class or t finds with her. Austen represented her beliefs on a good marriage through Elizabeth and Darcy relationship to prove to the audience that happiness in marriage can only e achieved if the couple marry because of their love for one another. Jane Austen showed her audience through reading Pride and Prejudice the importance of marrying through the examples of Lydia, Wickham, Mr and Mrs Bennet, Darcy and Elizabeth on the outcomes that come along with the marriage mate. These examples of marriages found in the novel, we can see this in reading that Lydia and Wickhams marriage was somewhat frowned upon whereas we had the happy ending of Elizabeth and Darcys marriage that was through happiness and love.

AP English Literature - Learn What Score You Need

AP English Literature - Learn What Score You Need AP English Literature and Composition is one of the more popular Advanced Placement subjects. Nevertheless,  roughly 175,000 more students took the AP English Language course and exam in 2018. The literature course is primarily focused on college-level literary analysis, and students who do well on the AP English Literature exam will often earn college credit for composition or literature. About the AP English Literature Course and Exam The AP English Literature course covers important literary works from a range of genres, periods and cultures. Students learn close-reading and analytical skills, and they learn to identify a literary works structure, style, tone, and use of literary conventions such as imagery and figurative language.   Students in AP Literature work at becoming active readers; in other words, they learn to become thoughtful and critical readers who can analyze and appreciate the various writing strategies employed by a wide range of authors.   The course has no required reading list, and individual AP instructors are free to choose any literary works that invite a rewarding reading experience. Genres will include poetry, drama, fiction, and expository prose. Most texts will have been originally written in English and may have originated in the United States, Canada, England, Africa, India, and elsewhere. A few works- such as a Russian classic or Greek tragedy- might be read in translation. The focus of the course, however, is much more on reading and writing skills, not specific authors. On the writing front, students learn to write effective analytical essays that employ a wide-ranging and appropriate vocabulary, effective and varied sentence structures, logical organization, strategic use of both generalization and specific detail, and careful attention to rhetorical forms, voice, and tone. AP English Literature Score Information Many colleges and universities have a composition and/or literature requirement, so a high score on the AP English Literature exam will often fulfill one of these requirements. The AP English Literature and Composition test has a one-hour multiple-choice section and a two-hour free-response writing section. The score on the is based on a combination of the multiple choice section (45 percent  of score) and the free-response essay section (55 percent of score).   In 2018, 404,014 students took the exam and earned a mean score of 2.57. Close to half of those students (47.3 percent) received a score of 3 or higher indicating that they have enough mastery of the subject matter to potentially earn college credit or course placement. The distribution of scores for the AP English Literature exam is as follows: AP English Literature Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 22,826 5.6 4 58,765 14.5 3 109,700 27.2 2 145,307 36.0 1 67,416 16.7 The College Board has released preliminary score percentages for the 2019 exam. Keep in mind that these numbers may change slightly as late exams are added to the calculations. Preliminary 2019 AP English Literature Score Data Score Percentage of Students 5 6.2 4 15.9 3 28 2 34.3 1 15.6 College Credit and Course Placement for AP English Literature The table below provides some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement information related to the AP English Literature exam. For schools not listed below, youll need to look on the colleges website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. AP English Literature Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Hamilton College 4 or 5 Placement into some 200-level courses; 2 credits for score of 5 and B- or higher in a 200-level course Grinnell College 5 ENG 120 LSU 3, 4 or 5 ENGL 1001 (3 credits) for a 3; ENGL 1001 and 2025 or 2027 or 2029 or 2123 (6 credits) for a 4; ENGL 1001, 2025 or 2027 or 2029 or 2123, and 2000 (9 credits) for a 5 Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 EN 1103 (3 credits) for a 3; EN 1103 and 1113 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 4 or 5 First Year Composition 13100 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; no placement Stanford University - No credit for AP English Literature Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 ENG 111 Introduction to the Short Story (3 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and entry writing requirement for a 3; 8 credits, entry writing requirement and English Comp Writing I requirement for a 4 or 5 Yale University 5 2 credits; ENGL 114a or b, 115a or b, 116b, 117b A Final Word on AP English Literature Keep in mind that another benefit to the successful completion of an AP Literature course is that it helps demonstrate your college readiness in a core subject area. Most of the countrys highly selective colleges and universities have  holistic admissions, and the admissions officers look not just at your GPA, but  how challenging your course work is. Colleges would much rather see you successfully complete a challenging college preparatory class in English than an easy English elective. AP Literature shows that you are taking the most advanced course possible in literature. So even at a school like Stanford that does not award any credit or placement for AP English Literature, your decision to take the class still strengthens your application. To learn more specific information about the AP English Literature exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

Films and computer games containing violence are very popular. some Essay

Films and computer games containing violence are very popular. some people say they have a negative effect on society and should be banned. other people say they are just harmless relaxation - Essay Example However, this argument does not prove to be a good one when one looks at the negative impacts. I believe that violent media arrives with concerns relating to addiction, anxiety, dejection, brutality and aggression that develop in young minds. Games like Mortal Combat, Resident Evil, Marvel vs. Capcom, Doom, Manhunt, Dead Rising, Gears of War, Grand Theft Auto, require the player to kill, shoot, slash and stab their enemy using bombs, swords and chainsaw. My neighbor’s son is being treated for anger management thanks to the violent films and games he watches regularly. Children tend to have less-developed ability of decision-making or critical thinking so they cannot realize what is wrong with what they are viewing and their minds learn or absorb every act they see. To conclude, when a person watches the violent acts, the energy generated by the fantasy keeps the physical responses from getting expressed. So, when this energy gets its chance, it gets expressed in the real life. Hence, violent films and video games have a very negative impact on